{"id":2167,"date":"2016-03-22T14:13:25","date_gmt":"2016-03-22T18:13:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/?p=2167"},"modified":"2017-03-23T01:40:51","modified_gmt":"2017-03-23T05:40:51","slug":"%e8%b0%88%e9%94%a1%e6%b0%b8%e4%b8%8a%e5%b8%88%e7%9a%84%e5%a6%82%e6%9d%a5%e8%97%8f%e5%ad%a6%e8%af%b4","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/?p=2167","title":{"rendered":"\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u4e0a\u5e2b\u7684\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u5b78\u8aaa"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: right;\">\u2013 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href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a>\uff0c\u7136\u4ed6\u5011\u5c0d\u300a\u8d77\u4fe1\u300b\u7684\u6279\u5224\u537b\u5e38\u4ee4\u4eba\u8aa4\u89e3\u70ba\u5c08\u552f\u8b58\u3001\u6291\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u8ad6\u6230\uff0c\u800c\u6f22\u571f\u5c0d\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\uff0c\u4ea6\u5927\u591a\u570d\u7e5e\u7740\u300a\u8d77\u4fe1\u300b\u800c\u6f14\uff0c\u662f\u6545\u4e00\u822c\u5373\u4ee5\u70ba\u652f\u90a3\u5167\u5b78\u9662\u622e\u529b\u6279\u5224\u70ba\u975e\u5370\u5ea6\u4f5b\u5b78\u6b63\u5b97\u7684\uff0c\u5c31\u662f\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u672c\u8eab\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53e6\u4e00\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u6b66\u660c\u4f5b\u5b78\u9662\u96d6\u7136\u6975\u529b\u56de\u8b77\uff0c\u592a\u865b\u5927\u5e2b\uff081890-1947\uff09\u751a\u81f3\u628a\u6b66\u9662\u9580\u4eba 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href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a>\uff0c\u5442\u6f82\u7684\u3008\u5927\u4e58\u8d77\u4fe1\u8ad6\u6537\u8b49\u3009\u3001\u3008\u8d77\u4fe1\u8207\u695e\u4f3d\u3009<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a>\u7b49\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u5c0d\u300a\u8d77\u4fe1\u300b\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u548c\u6cd5\u7fa9\u4f5c\u51fa\u731b\u70c8\u8a55\u64ca\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7e31\u89c0\u592a\u865b\u7684\u6cbb\u5b78\u7ba1\u898b\uff0c\u5be6\u4ee5\u4e2d\u89c0\u50b3\u7d71\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u7acb\u5834\u70ba\u57fa\u790e<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>\uff0c\u8207\u6b66\u9662\u5805\u6301\u904b\u7528\u5370\u5ea6\u552f\u8b58\u5b97\u7fa9\u7684\u7acb\u8ad6\u800c\u4f5c\u7b46\u6230\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u662f\u6709\u9ede\u81ea\u8aaa\u81ea\u8a71\u3001\u5c0d\u65b9\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\u90fd\u807d\u4e0d\u9032\u53bb\u3002\u5169\u9662\u7684\u5e2b\u751f\u591a\u756a\u7b46\u6230\uff0c\u7531\u6700\u521d\u7fa9\u7406\u53ca\u53f2\u6599\u7684\u63a2\u8a0e\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u5f8c\u4f86\u51fa\u73fe\u300c\u6881\u9673\u5c0f\u5152\u507d\u9020\u300d\u3001\u300c\u596a\u4f5b\u6167\u547d\u300d\u7b49\u8b3e\u7f75\u7684\u610f\u6c23\u4e4b\u722d\u3002\u5176\u5f8c\uff0c\u5370\u9806\u6cd5\u5e2b\uff081906\uff0d2005\uff09\u4ee5\u8f03\u6301\u5e73\u7684\u7b46\u8abf\uff0c\u5beb\u6210\u3008\u8d77\u4fe1\u5e73\u8b70\u3009\u4e00\u6587<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>\uff0c\u7b97\u662f\u7d50\u675f\u4e86\u9019\u5834\u7b46\u6230\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u5370\u9806\u6cd5\u5e2b\u96d6\u70ba\u592a\u865b\u5927\u5e2b\u9580\u4eba\uff0c\u7fa9\u7406\u6289\u64c7\u4e0a\u537b\u4e0d\u540c\u592a\u865b\u4ee5\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u601d\u60f3\u70ba\u4e00\u5207\u4f5b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u6839\u672c\u3002\u592a\u865b\u7d04\u65bc1912\u5e74\uff0c\u628a\u4e2d\u89c0\u4f5b\u6559\u8af8\u5b97\u6d3e\uff0c\u6b78\u7d0d\u70ba\u300c\u6cd5\u6027\u7a7a\u6167\u5b97\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6cd5\u76f8\u552f\u8b58\u5b97\u300d\u3001\u300c\u6cd5\u754c\u5713\u89ba\u5b97\u300d\u4e09\u8005\u3002\u5176\u4e2d\uff0c\u6cd5\u754c\u5713\u89ba\u7684\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u8aaa\uff0c\u4e0d\u50c5\u70ba\u5b78\u4eba\u4fe1\u89e3\u7684\u4f9d\u64da\uff0c\u4e14\u4ea6\u70ba\u7a76\u7adf\u5713\u6eff\u7684\u4f5b\u679c\uff0c\u6545\u4e91\uff1a\u300c\u5728\u5be6\u8b49\u7531\u52a0\u884c\u4f4d\u5165\u901a\u9054\u4f4d\uff0c\u5b97\u5728\u901a\u9054\u6cd5\u6027\u4e4b\u7a7a\u6167\uff1b\u7531\u901a\u9054\u4f4d\u5165\u4fee\u7fd2\u4f4d\uff0c\u5b97\u5728\u8cab\u6301\u6cd5\u76f8\u4e4b\u552f\u8b58\uff1b\u7531\u4fee\u7fd2\u4f4d\u5165\u7a76\u7adf\u4f4d\uff0c\u5b97\u5728\u5370\u8b49\u6cd5\u754c\u4e4b\u5713\u89ba\u3002\u5728\u521d\u5fc3\u5247\u4f9d\u6cd5\u754c\u5713\u89ba\u4ee5\u751f\u4fe1\uff0c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u76f8\u552f\u8b58\u4ee5\u6210\u89e3\uff0c\u4f9d\u6cd5\u6027\u7a7a\u6167\u4ee5\u4fee\u884c\u3002\u300d<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> \u5370\u9806\u5728\u6b64\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u65bc1941\u5e74\u63d0\u51fa\u5176\u4e09\u7cfb\u5224\u6559\uff0c\u5224\u5225\u5370\u5ea6\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u5b78\u70ba\u300c\u6027\u7a7a\u552f\u540d\u8ad6\u300d\u3001\u300c\u865b\u5984\u552f\u8b58\u8ad6\u300d\u3001\u300c\u771f\u5e38\u552f\u5fc3\u8ad6\u300d<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>\uff0c\u539f\u975e\u592a\u865b\u6240\u80fd\u63a5\u53d7\uff0c\u6545\u5927\u5e2b\u5148\u5f8c\u5beb\u4e86\u3008\u8b70\u5370\u5ea6\u4e4b\u4f5b\u6559\u3009\u53ca\u3008\u518d\u8b70\u5370\u5ea6\u4e4b\u4f5b\u6559\u3009\u5169\u7bc7\u6587\u7ae0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a>\u4f5c\u6279\u8a55\u3002\u6279\u8a55\u7684\u90e8\u4efd\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5728\u65bc\u4e09\u7cfb\u4e4b\u4e2d\uff0c\u5370\u9806\u4ee5\u300c\u6027\u7a7a\u552f\u540d\u300d\u6240\u651d\u7684\u822c\u82e5\u7121\u81ea\u6027\u7a7a\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u6bd4\u300c\u865b\u5984\u552f\u8b58\u300d\u7684\u300c\u57f7\u6709\u6eef\u7a7a\u300d\u66f4\u70ba\u7a76\u7adf\u3001\u66f4\u5408\u4e2d\u9053\u4e4b\u7fa9\uff0c\u800c\u300c\u771f\u5e38\u552f\u5fc3\u300d\u4e4b\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u8aaa\uff0c\u70ba\u6df5\u6e90\u81ea\u5370\u5ea6\u795e\u6559\u7684\u5f8c\u671f\u4f5b\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u3001\u4ee4\u4eba\u96e3\u4ee5\u8207\u300a\u5420\u9640\u300b\uff08<em>Veda<\/em>\uff09\u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u68b5\u6211\uff08\u0101tman\uff09\u4f5c\u4e00\u5340\u5225\uff0c\u4e0d\u904e\u662f\u958b\u5f15\u5916\u9053\u4e4b\u65b9\u4fbf\u800c\u5df2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5370\u9806\u4ee5\u5f8c\uff0c\u628a\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u8996\u70ba\u300c\u771f\u5e38\u300d\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5e7e\u6210\u5b9a\u8ad6\u3002\u65bc\u6b64\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u4ea6\u9678\u7e8c\u898b\u6709\u65e5\u672c\u6279\u5224\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u6587\u7ae0\u8b6f\u672c\uff0c\u628a\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u5b9a\u7fa9\u70ba\u300c\u5834\u6240\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\uff08topos philosophy\uff09\u3001\u300c\u57fa\u9ad4\u8ad6\u300d\uff08dh\u0101tuv\u0101da\uff09\uff0c\u5c07\u4e4b\u7406\u89e3\u6210\u5275\u9020\u5b87\u5b99\u842c\u7269\u7684\u771f\u5be6\u672c\u9ad4\u548c\u672c\u6e90\uff0c\u4e26\u7e3d\u7d50\u8b02\u6b64\u65e2\u975e\u4f5b\u8aaa\uff0c\u662f\u6545\u4f9d\u6b64\u601d\u60f3\u5efa\u7acb\u7684\u79aa\u5b97\u3001\u5929\u53f0\u5b97\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u8996\u70ba\u4f5b\u5bb6\u5b97\u6d3e\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u65bc\u897f\u85cf\u65b9\u9762\uff0c\u683c\u9b6f\u6d3e\uff08dge lugs pa\uff09\u81ea\u5341\u516d\u4e16\u7d00\u672b\uff0c\u5df2\u78ba\u7acb\u5176\u65bc\u653f\u6cbb\u548c\u5b97\u6559\u4e0a\u7684\u9818\u5c0e\u5730\u4f4d\uff0c\u65bc\u4f5b\u5bb6\u898b\u5730\u4e0a\uff0c\u6539\u4ee5\u61c9\u6210\u4e2d\u89c0\uff08Prasa\u1e45gika Madhyamaka\uff09\u70ba\u7a76\u7adf\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u5176\u9918\u752f\u746a\u3001\u85a9\u8fe6\uff08Sa skya\uff09\u3001\u5676\u8209\uff08bKa\u2019 brgyud\uff09\u3001\u89ba\u56ca\uff08Jo nang\uff09\u7b49\u6d3e\u7684\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u4e2d\u89c0\uff08Yog\u0101c\u0101ra-Madhyamaka\uff09\uff0c\u4e00\u7d71\u6b78\u7d0d\u65bc\u683c\u9b6f\u8a8d\u70ba\u6b21\u7b2c\u8f03\u4f4e\u7684\u81ea\u7e8c\u4e2d\u89c0\uff08Sv\u0101tantrika Madhyamaka\uff09\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u4e26\u7531\u662f\u92b3\u610f\u767c\u5c55\u5176\u7368\u6709\u7684\u5b97\u7fa9\u5b78\uff08grub mtha\u2019\uff09\uff0c\u7531\u662f\u9918\u6d3e\u8996\u70ba\u7a76\u7adf\u7684\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u898b\uff0c\u4ea6\u5728\u5b97\u7fa9\u5b78\u7684\u5224\u651d\u4e0b\u6dea\u70ba\u4e0d\u4e86\u7fa9\u898b\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> \u653f\u6cbb\u5c64\u9762\u4e0a\uff0c\u529b\u4e3b\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u4ed6\u7a7a\u898b\u7684\u89ba\u56ca\u6d3e\uff0c\u65bc\u7b2c\u4e94\u4e16\u9054\u8cf4\u5587\u561b\u8a9e\u81ea\u5728\u5584\u6167\u6d77\uff08Ngag dbang blo bzang rgya mtsho, 1617-1682\uff09\u4e3b\u653f\u671f\u9593\uff0c\u4ea6\u65bc\u4e00\u591c\u9593\u88ab\u4e0b\u4ee4\u5168\u90e8\u6539\u5b97\u683c\u9b6f\u6d3e\u3002\u81f3\u5341\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\u6642\uff0c\u6709\u95dc\u683c\u9b6f\u61c9\u6210\u898b\u8207\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u898b\u7684\u722d\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ecd\u898b\u65bc\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u4e0d\u6557\u5c0a\u8005\u8207\u683c\u9b6f\u6d3e\u8af8\u8ad6\u5e2b\u7684\u7b46\u6230\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u65bc\u6f22\u5730\u53ca\u85cf\u571f\uff0c\u66fe\u70ba\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u5bb6\u986f\u5b78\u7684\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u601d\u60f3\u53ca\u4fee\u6301\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e7e\u767e\u5e74\u5df2\u751a\u5177\u722d\u8b70\u3002\u7121\u7368\u6709\u5076\uff0c\u6f22\u85cf\u5169\u5730\u53cd\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u8005\u90fd\u5c0a\u9f8d\u6a39\u7684\u7a7a\u6027\u898b\u70ba\u4f5b\u6cd5\u7a76\u7adf\uff0c\u800c\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u5247\u88ab\u8996\u70ba\u8207\u7a7a\u6027\u76f8\u5fe4\u3001\u57f7\u6301\u4e0d\u7a7a\u672c\u9ad4\u7684\u898b\u5730\u3002\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u4e0a\u5e2b\u5728\u9019\u80a1\u5012\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u98a8\u6f6e\u4e0b\uff0c\u6b32\u9006\u6d41\u800c\u4e0a\u3001\u91cd\u6a39\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u70ba\u4f5b\u5bb6\u6b63\u898b\uff0c\u4fbf\u9700\u8981\u64b0\u8457\u5927\u91cf\u6587\u5b57\u3001\u8a3b\u758f\uff0c\u4e26\u4e14\u5faa\u5e8f\u6f38\u9032\u5730\u6b21\u7b2c\u9053\u51fa\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u6cd5\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u4e0a\u5e2b\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\u4f86\u70ba\u4f5b\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7b46\u8015\u4e0d\u65b7\uff0c\u5f9e\u4e03\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u958b\u59cb\uff0c\u5df2\u70ba\u5f35\u66fc\u6fe4\u7de8\u7e82\u7684\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u4f5b\u6559\u5b78\u8853\u53e2\u520a\u300b\u767c\u8868\u591a\u7bc7\u5b78\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\uff0c\u4e26\u65bc\u591a\u4efd\u5831\u7ae0\u96dc\u8a8c\u7684\u5c08\u6b04\u64b0\u5beb\u901a\u4fd7\u4f5b\u5b78\u6587\u7ae0\u3002\u65bc\u516b\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\uff0c\u5247\u51fa\u7248\u4e86\u591a\u90e8\u901a\u4fd7\u8457\u4f5c\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u89c0\u4e16\u97f3\u8207\u5927\u60b2\u5492\u300b\u3001\u300a\u8ac7\u4f5b\u8ac7\u5bc6\u300b\u3001\u300a\u897f\u85cf\u5bc6\u5b97\u5360\u535c\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7d30\u8aaa\u8f2a\u8ff4\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5bc6\u5b97\u540d\u76f8\u300b\u7b49\uff0c\u5c0d\u8c61\u70ba\u666e\u7f85\u5927\u773e\uff0c\u4e0d\u8ad6\u6587\u5316\u7a0b\u5ea6\u9ad8\u4e0b\u4ea6\u80fd\u77ad\u89e3\u5230\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u4f5b\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u81f3\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u521d\uff0c\u8ac7\u4e0a\u5e2b\u5925\u540c\u4f5b\u5b78\u540d\u5bbf\u7f85\u6642\u61b2\u6559\u6388\uff081914-1993\uff09\u3001\u99ae\u516c\u590f\u5148\u751f\uff081903-2000\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u674e\u6f64\u751f\uff081936-\uff09\u7b49\u4eba\u7d44\u6210\u4e00\u7de8\u8f2f\u59d4\u54e1\u6703\uff0c\u9078\u51fa\u4f5b\u5bb6\u7d93\u8ad6\u4e8c\u5341\u7a2e\uff0c\u51fa\u7248\u4e00\u5957\u300a\u4f5b\u5bb6\u7d93\u8ad6\u5c0e\u8b80\u53e2\u66f8\u300b\uff0c\u6307\u5c0e\u6587\u5316\u57fa\u790e\u8f03\u624e\u5be6\u7684\u8b80\u8005\u5982\u4f55\u81ea\u5df1\u7814\u8b80\u4f5b\u5178\uff0c\u70ba\u4ed6\u5011\u9ede\u51fa\u6bcf\u4e00\u7d93\u8ad6\u7684\u4e3b\u8981\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u7522\u751f\u8a72\u601d\u60f3\u7684\u80cc\u666f\u3001\u4ea4\u4ee3\u5176\u601d\u60f3\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u4f86\u9f8d\u53bb\u8108\uff0c\u4ee4\u8b80\u8005\u80fd\u5faa\u5e8f\u800c\u5165\uff0c\u5c0d\u4f5b\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u77ad\u7136\uff0c\u4e26\u80fd\u89aa\u81ea\u9ad4\u6703\u7d93\u8ad6\u7684\u6cd5\u5473\uff0c\u8a8d\u8b58\u5230\u4f5b\u8aaa\u8af8\u7d93\u7684\u7528\u610f\u3001\u83e9\u85a9\u6f14\u7e79\u8af8\u8ad6\u7684\u7528\u5fc3\u3002\u8ac7\u6c0f\u4e26\u4ee5\u4e3b\u7de8\u8eab\u4efd\uff0c\u4ee5\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u601d\u60f3\u70ba\u4e3b\u5e79\u4f86\u7de8\u6392\u68b3\u7406\u6574\u5957\u53e2\u66f8\uff0c\u4e26\u70ba\u6bcf\u4e00\u7d93\u8ad6\u64b0\u5beb\u5225\u5e8f\uff0c\u6089\u4ee5\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u898b\u4f5c\u70ba\u8cab\u4e32\u3002\u6b64\u4e2d\u4e00\u518d\u5f37\u8abf\u7684\u89c0\u9ede\uff0c\u5373\u4ee5\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u70ba\u4e00\u5883\u754c\uff0c\u65b9\u4fbf\u7a31\u4e4b\u70ba\u4e00\u7a2e\u300c\u5fc3\u8b58\u300d\u6216\u300c\u5fc3\u7406\u72c0\u614b\u300d\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u50b3\u7d71\u6f22\u5730\u4f5b\u5b78\u90a3\u6a23\u8996\u4e4b\u70ba\u672c\u9ad4\u3002\u6b64\u5982\u300a\u7dad\u6469\u8a70\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u5c0e\u8b80\uff0c\u5373\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u5b9a\u7fa9\u672c\u4f86\u5f88\u7c21\u55ae\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u5982\u4f86\u7684\u7a2e\u59d3\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373\u662f\u4f5b\u7684\u7a2e\u59d3\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5b\u6027\u3001\u4f5b\u754c\u3001\u5982\u4f86\u7a2e\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u6cd5\u6027\u3001\u771f\u5982\u7b49\u7b49\uff0c\u6709\u6642\u90fd\u53ef\u4ee5\u8996\u70ba\u4e00\u7cfb\u5217\u540c\u7fa9\u8a5e\u3002\u5728\u4f5b\u7d93\u4e2d\uff0c\u9019\u985e\u8a5e\u5f59\u53ef\u8b02\u7121\u8655\u4e0d\u5728\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5b78\u4f5b\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u7121\u975e\u662f\u5c0d\u5fc3\u8b58\u7684\u6539\u9020\u3002\u51e1\u592b\u8207\u4f5b\u7684\u5206\u5225\uff0c\u5be6\u5728\u4ea6\u53ea\u662f\u5fc3\u8b58\u7684\u5206\u5225\u3002\u4f5b\u7684\u5fc3\u8b58\u6e05\u6de8\uff0c\u51e1\u592b\u7684\u5fc3\u8b58\u5247\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u6240\u4ee5\u6211\u5011\u5c31\u7528\u5169\u500b\u540d\u76f8\u4f86\u5206\u5225\u5169\u7a2e\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5fc3\u8b58\u3002\u6e05\u6de8\u7684\u5fc3\u8b58\uff0c\u540d\u70ba\u300c\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u300d\uff1b\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u5fc3\u8b58\uff0c\u5247\u540d\u70ba\u300c\u963f\u8cf4\u8036\u8b58\u300d\uff0c\u9019\u4ea6\u5373\u662f\u552f\u8b58\u5bb6\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u7b2c\u516b\u8b58\u3002<br \/>\n\u2026<br \/>\n\u53ef\u662f\uff0c\u5927\u5713\u6eff\u7684\u6cd5\u7fa9\u5247\u9ad8\u4e00\u5c64\u6b21\u3002<br \/>\n\u2026<br \/>\n\u4f5b\u7684\u6e05\u6de8\u5fc3\u8b58\u537b\u7121\u80fd\u6240\u3002\u56e0\u70ba\u6b64\u6e05\u6de8\u5fc3\u8b58\u4e43\u662f\u6cd5\u723e\uff08\u81ea\u7136\u800c\u7136\u5c31\u6e05\u6de8\uff09\uff0c\u65e2\u7136\u6cd5\u723e\uff0c\u7576\u7136\u5c31\u6c92\u6709\u80fd\u6e05\u6de8\u8207\u6240\u6e05\u6de8\u9019\u4e00\u56de\u4e8b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u662f\u6545\u5728\u80fd\u6240\u7684\u5c64\u6b21\u4e0a\u53bb\u8a8d\u8b58\uff0c\u5c31\u4e0d\u80fd\u8aaa\u65e2\u96e2\u80fd\u6240\u300c\u6cd5\u723e\u6e05\u6de8\u300d\u7684\u300c\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u300d\uff0c\u53ef\u8ddf\u6709\u80fd\u6240\u7684\u300c\u963f\u8cf4\u8036\u300d\u76f8\u5c0d\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u662f\u7c21\u5225\uff0c\u53ef\u8aaa\u662f\u8ac7\u6c0f\u91cd\u65b0\u91d0\u5b9a\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u6cd5\u7fa9\u7684\u5148\u884c\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4ee5\u901a\u4fd7\u6dfa\u767d\u7684\u6587\u5b57\uff0c\u8f15\u9b06\u64fa\u812b\u9ad4\u7528\u3001\u80fd\u6240\u7b49\u6f22\u571f\u4f5b\u6559\u5e38\u7528\u4ee5\u7406\u89e3\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u67b6\u69cb\uff0c\u800c\u628a\u7740\u773c\u9ede\u62bd\u96e2\u65bc\u672c\u9ad4\u3001\u5be6\u9ad4\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u4ee5\u300c\u4e0d\u53d7\u6c61\u67d3\u7684\u8b49\u667a\u5883\u754c\u300d\u4f5c\u70ba\u8cab\u4e32\u6574\u5957\u5c0e\u8b80\u53e2\u66f8\u7684\u8108\u7d61\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e5d\u5341\u5e74\u4ee3\u4e2d\u65ec\u7de8\u8b6f\u7684\u300a\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u53e2\u66f8\u300b\uff0c\u4e43\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u56b4\u8085\u4f5b\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u958b\u5c55\uff0c\u7740\u91cd\u5c0d\u85cf\u6587\u539f\u5178\u7684\u6821\u8b6f\u53ca\u6574\u7406\uff0c\u70ba\u5176\u5c0d\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u91cd\u65b0\u5b9a\u7fa9\u627e\u51fa\u7d93\u8ad6\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u4e0d\u4f46\u628a\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u8a31\u591a\u5f9e\u672a\u6709\u4e2d\u8b6f\u672c\u7684\u8ad6\u5178\u8ffb\u8b6f\u70ba\u6f22\uff0c\u4ea6\u70ba\u6f22\u85cf\u4f5b\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u5960\u4e0b\u4e86\u57fa\u790e\u3002\u53e2\u66f8\u7684\u7de8\u7e82\uff0c\u5206\u898b\u3001\u4fee\u5169\u90e8\u4efd\uff0c\u4ea6\u7279\u51fa\u4e86\u8ac7\u4e0a\u5e2b\u4ee5\u5be6\u4fee\u89c0\u9ede\u4f86\u6cbb\u4f5b\u5b78\u7684\u7279\u8272\u3002\u898b\u90e8\u95e1\u8ff0\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u7684\u4e5d\u4e58\u6b21\u7b2c\u3001\u56db\u90e8\u5b97\u7fa9\u3001\u4e8c\u8ae6\u898b\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u4f9d\u5927\u4e2d\u89c0\u898b\u8a73\u91cb\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u7684\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u898b\u5730\uff1b\u4fee\u90e8\u5247\u8b6f\u8a3b\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u5bc6\u7e8c\u53ca\u8ad6\u5178\uff0c\u540c\u6a23\u4ee5\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u898b\u52a0\u4ee5\u758f\u7406\u3002\u70ba\u4f5b\u5bb6\u5bc6\u4e58\u63d0\u4f9b\u5982\u65af\u898f\u6a21\u53ca\u67b6\u69cb\u7684\u4f5b\u5b78\u53e2\u66f8\uff0c\u65bc\u6f22\u571f\u4f5b\u6559\u53f2\u4e0a\uff0c\u5be6\u5606\u672a\u66fe\u6709\u3002\u5343\u79a7\u4f0a\u59cb\uff0c\u8ac7\u4e0a\u5e2b\u7cbe\u76ca\u6c42\u7cbe\uff0c\u5247\u66f4\u63a8\u51fa\u4e86\u53e6\u4e00\u5957\u300a\u5927\u4e2d\u89c0\u7cfb\u5217\u300b\u53e2\u66f8\uff0c\u9664\u4e86\u9ede\u51fa\u85cf\u50b3\u5927\u4e2d\u89c0\u7684\u6210\u7acb\uff0c\u5be6\u5373\u4ee5\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7d71\u651d\u5c0f\u4e2d\u89c0\u800c\u6210\u4e00\u7cfb\u7d71\u5916\uff0c\u4ea6\u7740\u91cd\u68b5\u6587\u539f\u5178\u7684\u904b\u7528\u3002\u53c8\u903e\u5341\u5e74\uff0c\u518d\u63a8\u51fa\u7684\u300a\u96e2\u8a00\u53e2\u66f8\u300b\uff0c\u7acb\u8db3\u65bc\u5148\u524d\u5169\u5957\u53e2\u66f8\u7684\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\uff0c\u5316\u7e41\u70ba\u7c21\uff0c\u76f4\u6307\u5404\u90e8\u7d93\u8ad6\u4f9d\u5404\u7a2e\u6cd5\u7570\u9580\u6240\u900f\u9732\u7684\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u5bc6\u7fa9\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7d50\u5408\u6b64\u4e09\u5957\u53e2\u66f8\uff0c\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u4f9d\u64da\u68b5\u672c\u91cd\u8b6f\u7684\u7d93\u8ad6\uff0c\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u5165\u695e\u4f3d\u7d93\u300b\uff08<em>La<\/em><em>\u1e45<\/em><em>k<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>vataras<\/em><em>\u016b<\/em><em>tra<\/em>\uff09\u3001\u300a\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7d93\u300b\uff08<em>Tath<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>gatagarbhas<\/em><em>\u016b<\/em><em>tra<\/em>\uff09\u3001\u7121\u8457\u7684\u300a\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u91cb\u300b <em>\uff08<\/em><em>Ratnagotravibh<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>ga<\/em>\uff09\uff0c\u4ee5\u53ca\u91cd\u6821\u5f4c\u52d2\u83e9\u85a9\u7684\u300a\u8fa8\u4e2d\u908a\u8ad6\u300b\uff08<em>Madhy<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>ntavibh<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>ga<\/em>\uff09\uff1b\u4f9d\u85cf\u6587\u65b0\u8b6f\u7684\uff0c\u5247\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u8056\u5999\u5409\u7965\u771f\u5be6\u540d\u7d93\u300b\uff08<em>Ma\u00f1ju\u015br\u012b<\/em><em>n<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>masa<\/em><em>\u1e43g\u012bti<\/em>\uff09\u3001\u9f8d\u6a39\uff08N\u0101g\u0101rjuna\uff0c\u4e8c\u4e16\u7d00\uff09\u7684\u300a\u6cd5\u754c\u8b9a\u300b\uff08<em>Chos nyid dbying su bstod pa<\/em>\uff09\u3001\u4e16\u89aa\uff08Vasubandhu\uff0c\u56db\u4e16\u7d00\uff09\u7684\u300a\u8fa8\u6cd5\u6cd5\u6027\u8ad6\u91cb\u300b\uff08<em>Chos dang chos nyid rnam pa \u2019byed pa\u2019i \u2019grel pa<\/em>\uff09\u3001\u9f8d\u9752\u5df4\uff08Klong chen rab \u2019byams pa, 1308-1364\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5927\u5713\u6eff\u5fc3\u6027\u4f11\u606f\u5c0e\u5f15\u300b\uff08<em>rDzogs pa chen po sems nyid ngal gso<\/em>\uff09\u3001\u4e0d\u6557\u52dd\u6d77\uff08Mi pham rgya mtsho, 1846-1912\uff09\u7684\u300a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5bf6\u71c8\u300b\uff08<em>Nges shes rin po che sgron me<\/em>\uff09\u53ca\u300a\u7345\u5b50\u543c\u5ee3\u8aaa\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u300b\uff08<em>bDe gshegs snying po\u2019i stong thun chen mo seng ge\u2019i nga ro<\/em>\uff09\u3001\u4e8b\u696d\u6d32\uff08Karma gling pa, 1376\/7-1394\/5\uff09\u7684\u300a\u516d\u4e2d\u6709\u81ea\u89e3\u812b\u5c0e\u5f15\u300b\u3001\u5999\u5409\u7965\u53cb\uff08Ma\u00f1ju\u015br\u012bmitra\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5999\u5409\u7965\u771f\u5be6\u540d\u8aa6\u6559\u6388\u300b\uff08<em>\u2019Jam dpal gyi mtshan gdon pa\u2019i man ngag<\/em>\uff09\u7b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u8ac7\u6c0f\u4ea6\u6307\u5c0e\u9580\u4eba\u5b78\u751f\u8b6f\u51fa\u300a\u5e7b\u5316\u7db2\u79d8\u5bc6\u85cf\u7e8c\u300b\uff08<em>gSang ba\u2019i snying po<\/em>\uff09\u53ca\u300a\u8056\u5165\u7121\u5206\u5225\u7e3d\u6301\u7d93\u300b\uff08<em>\u2019Phags pa rnam par mi rtog par \u2019jug pa zhes bya ba\u2019i gzungs<\/em>\uff09\uff1b\u7121\u57a2\u53cb\uff08Vimalamitra\uff0c\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\uff09\u3001\u963f\u5e95\u5cfd\uff08Ati\u015ba, 980-1054\uff09\u3001\u5409\u7965\u7345\u5b50\uff08\u015ar\u012b Si\u1e43ha\uff09\u53ca\u84ee\u82b1\u6212\uff08Kamala\u015b\u012bla\uff0c\u516b\u4e16\u7d00\uff09\u7b49\u56db\u7bc7\u5370\u5ea6\u8ad6\u5e2b\u6240\u9020\u7684\u300a\u5fc3\u7d93\u300b\u91cb\uff1b\u6708\u5b98\uff08Candragomin\uff09\u3001\u5999\u5409\u7965\u53cb\uff08Ma\u00f1ju\u015br\u012bmitra\uff09\u3001\u6708\u8ce2\u7a31\uff08Candragarbhadrak\u012brti\uff09\u4e09\u4f4d\u5370\u5ea6\u8ad6\u5e2b\u6240\u9020\u7684\u300a\u5999\u5409\u7965\u771f\u5be6\u540d\u7d93\u300b\u91cb\u8ad6\uff1b\u4e0d\u6557\u52dd\u6d77\u7684\u300a\u7345\u5b50\u543c\u958b\u8a31\u4ed6\u7a7a\u300b\uff08<em>gZhan stong khas len seng ge\u2019i nga ro<\/em>\uff09\u3001\u300a\u79d8\u5bc6\u85cf\u7e8c\u91cb\u8ad6\u5341\u65b9\u9664\u6697\u7e3d\u7fa9\u5149\u660e\u85cf\u300b\uff08<em>gSang \u2018grel phyogs bcu\u2019i mun sel gyi spyi don \u2019Od gsal snying po<\/em>\uff09\u53ca\u300a\u8fa8\u6cd5\u6cd5\u6027\u8ad6\u91cb\u8fa8\u5225\u672c\u667a\u986f\u73fe\u300b\uff08<em>Chos dang chos nyid rnam par \u2019byed pa\u2019i tshig le\u2019ur byas pa\u2019i \u2019grel pa ye shes snang pa rnam \u2019byed<\/em>\uff09\uff1b\u6467\u9b54\u6d32\uff08bDud joms gling pa, 1835-1904\uff09\u7684\u300a\u73fe\u8b49\u81ea\u6027\u5927\u5713\u6eff\u672c\u4f86\u9762\u76ee\u6559\u6388\u7121\u4fee\u4f5b\u9053\u300b\uff08<em>Rang bzhin rdzogs pa chen po\u2019i rang zhal mngon du byed pa\u2019i gdams pa ma bsgom snangs rgyas bzhugs so<\/em>\uff09\uff1b\u6566\u73e0\u6cd5\u738b\u7121\u754f\u667a\u91d1\u525b\uff08\u2019Jigs bral ye shes rdo rje, 1904-1989\uff09\u7684\u300a\u5bc6\u5492\u820a\u8b6f\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u6559\u6cd5\u5b89\u7acb\u7c21\u8ecc\u5584\u8aaa\u986f\u73fe\u559c\u5bb4\u300b\uff08<em>gSang snangs snga \u2019gyur rnying ma ba\u2019i bstan pa\u2019i rnam gzhag mdo tsam brjod pa legs bshad snang ba\u2019i dga\u2019 ston<\/em>\uff09\u53ca\u300a\u6566\u73e0\u65b0\u4f0f\u85cf\u300b\uff08<em>bDud \u2018joms gter gsar<\/em>\uff09\u524d\u884c\u5100\u8ecc\u53ca\u8b9a\u980c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u662f\u7b49\u65b0\u8b6f\u7d93\u8ad6\uff0c\u90fd\u9644\u4e0a\u8ac7\u4e0a\u5e2b\u7684\u5c0e\u8ad6\u6216\u8a3b\u758f\uff0c\u6e05\u6670\u91d0\u5b9a\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u6cd5\u7fa9\u3002\u5c31\u6b64\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8ac7\u6c0f\u9664\u767c\u63da\u5176\u81ea\u6566\u73e0\u6cd5\u738b\u5b78\u5f97\u4e4b\u5927\u4e2d\u89c0\u898b\u4ee5\u5916\uff0c\u65bc\u5b78\u8853\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u92ea\u6392\u4e0a\uff0c\u53ef\u8aaa\u5f97\u76ca\u65bc\u897f\u65b9\u5e7e\u5341\u5e74\u4f86\u5c0d\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u5b78\u8aaa\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u7814\u7a76\u751a\u5927\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u897f\u65b9\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u5c0d\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u59cb\u81ea1931\u5e74\u4fc4\u570b\u5b78\u8005Eug\u00e8ne Obermiller \uff081901-1935\uff09\u628a\u85cf\u8b6f\u672c\u7684\u300a\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u8b6f\u6210\u82f1\u6587\u51fa\u7248<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a>\u3002\u5f15\u8d77\u5b78\u754c\u95dc\u6ce8\u7684\uff0c\u9084\u6709\u56db\u5e74\u5f8c\uff0c\u5b78\u8005Edward Hamilton Johnston \uff081885-1942\uff09 \u548cHarold Walter Bailey \uff081899-1996\uff09 \u65bc\u4e2d\u4e9e\u7d30\u4e9e\u767c\u73fe\u4e86\u300a\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u7684\u68b5\u6587\u65b7\u7247<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a>\uff0c\u5176\u5f8cJohnston\u66f4\u627e\u5230\u4e86\u5168\u90e8\u300a\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u7684\u5b8c\u6574\u68b5\u672c\uff0c\u5176\u6821\u8a02\u672c\u65bc1950\u5e74\u51fa\u7248<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a>\u3002\u7531\u6b64\uff0c\u4e43\u6380\u8d77\u4e86\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7d93\u8ad6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u71b1\u6f6e\uff0c\u8a08\u6709\u65e5\u672c\u7684\u9ad8\u5d0e\u76f4\u9053\u4f9d\u68b5\u672c\u8a73\u8a3b\u7684\u82f1\u8b6f\u672c\u300a\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u300b<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a>\u3001David Seyfort Ruegg\uff081931-\uff09\u5c0d\u85cf\u50b3\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u8a6e\u91cb\u7684\u7814\u7a76<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a>\u3001Alex Wayman \uff081921-2004\uff09\u7684\u300a\u52dd\u9b18\u7d93\u300b\u82f1\u8b6f\u53ca\u7814\u7a76<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a>\u3001Sallie B. King\u7684\u300a\u4f5b\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u7814\u7a76<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a>\u3001Michael Zimmermann\u5c0d\u300a\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7d93\u300b\u7684\u68b5\u672c\u7814\u7a76\u53ca\u5c0d\u52d8<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a> \u7b49\uff0c\u4ee5\u53caWhalen Lai\u3001William Grosnick\u3001John Keenan\u3001Peter Gregory\u3001Robert Gimello\u3001Liu Ming-wood\u7b49\u4eba\u767c\u8868\u6709\u95dc\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u5b78\u8aaa\u7684\u8ad6\u6587\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u8ad6\u8457\uff0c\u504f\u91cd\u5c0d\u539f\u5178\u7684\u6821\u52d8\u3001\u6574\u7406\u8207\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u985e\u6587\u672c\u7684\u6574\u7406\u5de5\u4f5c\uff0c\u4e5f\u70ba\u91d0\u6e05\u6f22\u571f\u4f5b\u6559\u9577\u671f\u4f9d\u8cf4\u6f22\u8b6f\u672c\u4e2d\u4e00\u4e9b\u8aa4\u8b6f\u4f86\u8a6e\u91cb\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u610f\u7fa9\u91cd\u5927\u7684\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u68b5\u672c\u300a\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u4e2d\u7684buddhatva\u4e00\u8a5e\uff0c\u65bc\u52d2\u90a3\u6469\u63d0\u7684\u8b6f\u672c\uff0c\u5247\u4f5c\u300c\u4f5b\u9ad4\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u5373\u52a0\u6df1\u4e86\u6f22\u571f\u4ee5\u9ad4\u7528\u8ad6\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u50b3\u7d71\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ba\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u70ba\u5be6\u6709\u7684\u672c\u9ad4\u3002\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u6b64\u6279\u8a55\u7279\u5225\u53d7\u5230\u65e5\u672c\u5b78\u8005\u9ad8\u5d0e\u76f4\u9053\u7684\u6ce8\u610f\uff0c\u4e43\u70ba\u8ac7\u6c0f\u4f9d\u68b5\u672c\u91cd\u8b6f\u7684\u300a\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u4f5c\u5e8f\uff0c\u4e26\u63d0\u51fa\u6240\u8b02buddhatva\uff0c\u4e43\u6307\u300c\u8af8\u4f5b\u53ca\u6709\u60c5\u7686\u5177\u6709\u7684\u4f5b\u81ea\u6027\uff0c\u4ea6\u5373buddat\u0101\u3001\u4f5b\u7684\u8b49\u5883\uff08\u65bc\u820a\u8b6f\u5247\u8b6f\u70ba\u4f5b\u83e9\u63d0\uff09\u300d\uff0c\u7531\u662f\u4e43\u5efa\u8b70\u628abuddhatva\u6539\u8b6f\u70ba\u300c\u4f5b\u9ad4\u6027\u300d\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a> \u518d\u4ee5\u68b5\u672c\u300a\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u70ba\u4f8b\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u62ec\u5f15\u300a\u52dd\u9b18\u7d93\u300b\u53ca\u300a\u4e0d\u589e\u4e0d\u6e1b\u7d93\u300b\u7b49\uff0c\u90fd\u6e05\u695a\u5b9a\u7fa9\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u70ba\u8af8\u4f5b\u300c\u5883\u754c\u300d\uff08gocara\uff09\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u5982\u300a\u4e0d\u589e\u4e0d\u6e1b\u7d93\u300b\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u300c\u4e43\u662f\u5982\u4f86\u667a\u6167\u5883\u754c\uff0c\u4ea6\u662f\u5982\u4f86\u5fc3\u6240\u884c\u8655\u3002\u820d\u5229\u5f17\uff0c\u5982\u662f\u6df1\u7fa9\u4e00\u5207\u8072\u805e\u7de3\u89ba\u667a\u6167\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u77e5\u3001\u6240\u4e0d\u80fd\u898b\u3001\u4e0d\u80fd\u89c0\u5bdf\uff0c\u4f55\u6cc1\u4e00\u5207\u611a\u7661\u51e1\u592b\u800c\u80fd\u6e2c\u91cf\u3002\u552f\u6709\u8af8\u4f5b\u5982\u4f86\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u4e43\u80fd\u89c0\u5bdf\u77e5\u898b\u6b64\u7fa9\u3002\u820d\u5229\u5f17\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u8072\u805e\u7de3\u89ba\u6240\u6709\u667a\u6167\uff0c\u65bc\u6b64\u7fa9\u4e2d\u552f\u53ef\u4ef0\u4fe1\uff0c\u4e0d\u80fd\u5982\u5be6\u77e5\u898b\u89c0\u5bdf\u3002\u820d\u5229\u5f17\uff0c\u751a\u6df1\u7fa9\u8005\u5373\u662f\u7b2c\u4e00\u7fa9\u8ae6\uff0c\u7b2c\u4e00\u7fa9\u8ae6\u8005\u5373\u662f\u773e\u751f\u754c\uff0c\u773e\u751f\u754c\u8005\u5373\u662f\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\uff0c\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u8005\u5373\u662f\u6cd5\u8eab\u3002\u300d<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u8b02\u5982\u4f86\u667a\u6167\u5883\u754c\uff0c\u5373\u662f\u6cd5\u8eab\u3002\u897f\u65b9\u5b78\u8005John Makransky\u65bc<em>Buddhahood Embodied<\/em>\u4e00\u66f8\u4e2d\uff0c\u8a73\u91cb\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u5178\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7121\u5f62\u7121\u72c0\u3001\u7121\u751f\u7121\u6ec5\u3001\u672c\u4f86\u6e05\u6de8\u7684\u6cd5\u8eab\uff0c\u4f55\u4ee5\u5373\u662f\u8aaa\u8af8\u4f5b\u73fe\u8b49\u7684\u667a\u5883\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a> \u6b64\u6cd5\u8eab\u65e2\u975e\u672c\u9ad4\uff0c\u4ea6\u975e\u7368\u7acb\u5b58\u5728\uff0c\u800c\u5fc5\u540c\u6642\u986f\u73fe\u70ba\u8272\u8eab\uff0c\u662f\u5373\u6cd5\u8eab\u4e4b\u529f\u5fb7\u3002\u300a\u4e0d\u589e\u4e0d\u6e1b\u7d93\u300b\u4e43\u9032\u4e00\u6b65\u89e3\u8aaa\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u820d\u5229\u5f17\uff0c\u5982\u6211\u6240\u8aaa\u6cd5\u8eab\u7fa9\u8005\uff0c\u904e\u65bc\u6052\u6c99\u4e0d\u96e2\u3001\u4e0d\u812b\u3001\u4e0d\u65b7\u3001\u4e0d\u7570\u4e0d\u601d\u8b70\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5982\u4f86\u529f\u5fb7\u667a\u6167\u3002\u820d\u5229\u5f17\uff0c\u5982\u4e16\u9593\u71c8\u6240\u6709\u660e\u8272\u53ca\u89f8\u4e0d\u96e2\u4e0d\u812b\u3002\u53c8\u5982\u6469\u5c3c\u5bf6\u73e0\u6240\u6709\u660e\u8272\u5f62\u76f8\u4e0d\u96e2\u4e0d\u812b\u3002\u820d\u5229\u5f17\uff0c\u5982\u4f86\u6240\u8aaa\u6cd5\u8eab\u4e4b\u7fa9\u4ea6\u5fa9\u5982\u662f\uff0c\u904e\u65bc\u6052\u6c99\u4e0d\u96e2\u3001\u4e0d\u812b\u3001\u4e0d\u65b7\u3001\u4e0d\u7570\u4e0d\u601d\u8b70\u4f5b\u6cd5\u5982\u4f86\u529f\u5fb7\u667a\u6167\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u662f\u6545\u6cd5\u8eab\u8207\u5176\u529f\u5fb7\uff0c\u7121\u53ef\u5206\u5272\uff0c\u7336\u5982\u5927\u65e5\u8207\u5176\u5149\u8f1d\u3002\u6b64\u7fa9\u7406\u65bc\u300a\u52dd\u9b18\u300b\uff0c\u5247\u6b78\u7d0d\u70ba\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u667a\u7684\u5169\u4efd\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u4e16\u5c0a\uff0c\u6b64\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7a7a\u6027\u4e4b\u667a\uff0c\u5fa9\u6709\u4e8c\u7a2e\u3002\u4f55\u7b49\u70ba\u4e8c\uff1f\u8b02<strong>\u7a7a\u5982\u4f86\u85cf<\/strong>\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u96e2\u65bc\u4e0d\u89e3\u812b\u667a\u4e00\u5207\u7169\u60f1\uff1b\u4e16\u5c0a\uff0c<strong>\u4e0d\u7a7a\u5982\u4f86\u85cf<\/strong>\uff0c\u5177\u904e\u6052\u6c99\u4f5b\u89e3\u812b\u667a\u4e0d\u601d\u8b70\u6cd5\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u662f\u53ef\u898b\uff0c\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u300c\u7a7a\u300d\u8207\u300c\u4e0d\u7a7a\u300d\uff0c\u7686\u8207\u672c\u9ad4\u7121\u95dc\u3001\u4ea6\u8207\u9f8d\u6a39\u7a7a\u898b\u7121\u9055\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u6240\u6307\u6d89\u8005\u7121\u975e\u70ba\u5982\u4f86\u7a7a\u667a\u5883\u754c\uff08\u6cd5\u8eab\uff09\u53ca\u4e0d\u96e2\u4e0d\u812b\u4e0d\u7570\u800c\u6cd5\u723e\u986f\u73fe\u4e4b\u529f\u5fb7\uff08\u6cd5\u8eab\u529f\u5fb7\uff09\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u51e1\u592b\u537b\u57f7\u6301\u9ad4\u6027\u7a7a\u7684\u6cd5\u6027\u529f\u5fb7\u81ea\u986f\u73fe\u5883\u754c\u70ba\u5be6\u6709\uff0c\u4f9d\u5404\u5404\u4e4b\u696d\u7fd2\u6c23\u800c\u8b8a\u73fe\u70ba\u8b58\u5883\u3002\u662f\u6545\uff0c\u5f9e\u51e1\u592b\u7684\u89d2\u5ea6\u800c\u8a00\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\uff0c\u4e43\u8b02\u300c\u667a\u5883\u552f\u85c9\u8b58\u5883\u986f\u73fe\u300d\uff0c\u662f\u5373\u884c\u8005\u552f\u7531\u8b58\u5883\u800c\u8b49\u5165\u667a\u5883\u3001\u552f\u7531\u6cd5\u800c\u8b49\u5165\u6cd5\u6027\u3001\u552f\u7531\u5206\u5225\u800c\u8b49\u5165\u7121\u5206\u5225\uff1b\u66f4\u8005\uff0c\u5fa9\u9808\u8b49\u5f97\u667a\u5883\u8b58\u5883\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u6cd5\u6027\u8207\u6cd5\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u7121\u5206\u5225\u8207\u5206\u5225\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u7531\u662f\u8b49\u5f97\u300c\u552f\u4e00\u300d\uff08gcig pu\uff09\u3002\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u4e0a\u5e2b\u7531\u662f\u65bc\u5176\u300a\u56db\u91cd\u7de3\u8d77\u6df1\u822c\u82e5\u300b\u7e3d\u7d50\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u9ad4\u6027\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u4e0d\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5be6\u9ad4\uff0c\u53ea\u662f\u4e00\u500b\u5883\u754c\u3002\u9019\u500b\u5883\u754c\uff0c\u5728\u51e1\u592b\u7a31\u70ba\u8b58\uff0c\u5728\u8056\u8005\u5247\u7a31\u70ba\u667a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u300a\u5bc6\u56b4\u7d93\u300b\u548c\u300a\u52dd\u9b18\u7d93\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u660e\u767d\u6307\u51fa\uff0c\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u662f\u4f5b\u667a\u3001\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u662f\u667a\u5883\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u6839\u672c\u4e0d\u5b58\u5728\u6709\u81ea\u6027\u3001\u7121\u81ea\u6027\u7684\u554f\u984c\u3002<br \/>\n\u2026<br \/>\n\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u662f\u4f5b\u667a\u5883\u754c\uff0c\u85c9\u4e00\u5207\u6709\u60c5\u7684\u8b58\u5883\u800c\u6210\u986f\u73fe\u3002\u9019\u4e9b\u986f\u73fe\uff0c\u4fbf\u5373\u662f\u5bc6\u667a\u838a\u56b4\u3002<br \/>\n\u2026<br \/>\n\u82e5\u4f9d\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u7684\u8aaa\u6cd5\uff0c\u865b\u7a7a\u55bb\u662f\u8aaa\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u7a7a\u6027\uff0c\u7531\u76e1\u96e2\u7de3\u8d77\u662f\u6545\u70ba\u7562\u7adf\u7a7a\uff1b\u5e38\u4f4f\u662f\u8aaa\u4f5b\u667a\u529f\u5fb7\uff0c\u6046\u6642\u5468\u904d\uff0c\u6545\u4e00\u5207\u754c\u7686\u5177\u8db3\u751f\u6a5f\uff0c\u662f\u70ba\u5927\u6a02\uff1b\u7121\u8b8a\u7570\u5247\u8aaa\u6a02\u7a7a\u96d9\u904b\u7684\u5883\u754c\uff0c\u96d6\u5468\u904d\u5927\u6a02\u800c\u7121\u8b8a\u7570\uff0c\u96d6\u7121\u8b8a\u7570\u800c\u80fd\u5468\u904d\u3002\u6b64\u5883\u754c\u76e1\u96e2\u7de3\u8d77\u800c\u4e0d\u96e2\u7de3\u8d77\uff0c\u6545\u70ba\u552f\u4e00\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u65bc\u6b64\u56de\u9867\u4e0a\u4f86\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u6279\u5224\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u601d\u60f3\u70ba\u300c\u57fa\u9ad4\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5834\u6240\u54f2\u5b78\u300d\u3001\u300c\u771f\u5e38\u300d\uff0c\u4ee5\u81f3\u6f22\u571f\u7d93\u9662\u50b3\u7d71\u4ee5\u9ad4\u7528\u8ad6\u4f5c\u91cb\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u90fd\u4e0d\u80fd\u65bc\u5370\u5ea6\u5927\u4e58\u7d93\u8ad6\u4e2d\u627e\u5230\u4efb\u4f55\u6839\u64da\uff0c\u50c5\u70ba\u5f8c\u4e16\u5916\u52a0\u65bc\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u7a2e\u7a2e\u5b78\u7406\u63cf\u8ff0\u3002\u6b64\u5982\u9f8d\u6a39\u65bc\u300a\u4e2d\u8ad6\u300b\u7b2c\u4e8c\u5341\u56db\u300a\u89c0\u56db\u8ae6\u54c1\u300b\uff0c\u958b\u9996\u5373\u5217\u51fa\u96e3\u8005\u5c0d\u5176\u7a7a\u6027\u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u8cea\u7591\uff0c\u4ee5\u70ba\u82e5\u4e00\u5207\u7686\u7a7a\uff0c\u5247\u7121\u6709\u56db\u8ae6\uff0c\u4ea6\u7121\u56db\u679c\uff0c\u7531\u662f\u65e2\u7121\u50e7\u5bf6\u4ea6\u7121\u6cd5\u5bf6\uff0c\u5247\u4f5b\u5bf6\u4ea6\u7121\uff0c\u5982\u662f\u6279\u5224\u9f8d\u6a39\u4e4b\u8aaa\u7a7a\uff0c\u70ba\u7834\u58de\u4e09\u5bf6\u3002\u9f8d\u6a39\u7684\u56de\u8b77\uff0c\u537b\u7279\u610f\u63d0\u51fa\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6c5d\u8b02\u6211\u7740\u7a7a\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u800c\u70ba\u6211\u751f\u904e<br \/>\n\u6c5d\u4eca\u6240\u8aaa\u904e\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u65bc\u7a7a\u5be6\u7121\u6709<\/p>\n<p>\u5fa9\u8a00\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u6c5d\u4eca\u81ea\u6709\u904e\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u800c\u4ee5\u56de\u5411\u6211<br \/>\n\u5982\u4eba\u4e58\u99ac\u8005\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u81ea\u5fd8\u65bc\u6240\u4e58<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u4e2d\u6240\u8a00\uff0c\u5373\u8b02\u554f\u96e3\u8005\u5c0d\u9f8d\u6a39\u8aaa\u7a7a\u4e4b\u6279\u5224\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u90fd\u7121\u5176\u4e8b\uff0c\u5168\u70ba\u96e3\u8005\u81c6\u9020\u4e4b\u904e\u5931\u800c\u56de\u5411\u65bc\u9f8d\u6a39\u3002\u82e5\u4ee5\u5404\u7a2e\u54f2\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\u4f86\u5b9a\u7fa9\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\uff0c\u7136\u5f8c\u53c8\u52a0\u4ee5\u5426\u5b9a\u5176\u70ba\u4f5b\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4ea6\u8207\u8cac\u96e3\u9f8d\u6a39\u7a7a\u89c0\u8005\u7121\u7570\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u66f4\u8005\uff0c\u6cd5\u8eab\u70ba\u667a\u6167\u5883\u754c\u3001\u6cd5\u8eab\u529f\u5fb7\u70ba\u5927\u60b2\u793a\u73fe\uff0c\u5169\u8005\u96d9\u904b\uff0c\u5be6\u8207\u7121\u4e0a\u6b8a\u52dd\u83e9\u63d0\u5fc3\uff08bodhicitta\uff09\u4e4b\u6cd5\u7fa9\u7121\u7570\uff0c\u6b64\u53ef\u53c3\u898b\u9f8d\u6a39\u7684\u300a\u83e9\u63d0\u5fc3\u91cb\u300b\uff08<em>Bodhicittavivarana<\/em>\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u4ea6\u5373\u7a76\u7adf\u7684\u667a\u60b2\u96d9\u904b\uff0c\u662f\u70ba\u5927\u4e58\u7684\u8b49\u679c\u3002\u63db\u8a00\u4e4b\uff0c\u5c31\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u672c\u7fa9\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u5176\u767c\u63da\u7684\u6cd5\u7fa9\uff0c\u7121\u975e\u5373\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u6700\u6839\u672c\u7684\u7cbe\u795e\u3001\u6700\u7a76\u7adf\u7684\u6cd5\u7fa9\uff0c\u6240\u8b49\u4ea6\u7121\u975e\u70ba\u751a\u6df1\u822c\u82e5\u6ce2\u7f85\u871c\u591a\u3002\u4f9d\u6b64\uff0c\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u5b78\u8aaa\u4e0d\u53ef\u504f\u5ee2\uff0c\u5426\u5247\u640d\u5bb3\u7684\u4e0d\u7368\u662f\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u6b64\u4e00\u6559\u6cd5\uff0c\u9084\u662f\u6574\u500b\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u6839\u672c\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4e0a\u4f86\u63d0\u5230\uff0c\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u6210\u70ba\u8fd1\u4ee3\u4f5b\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6279\u5224\u5c0d\u8c61\uff0c\u7d50\u679c\u537b\u662f\u5272\u88c2\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u6559\u7684\u6559\u6cd5\uff0c\u65bc\u8cb6\u6291\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u6559\u6cd5\u4e4b\u9918\uff0c\u6216\u4ee5\u4e2d\u89c0\u70ba\u4e86\u7fa9\u3001\u552f\u8b58\u70ba\u4e0d\u4e86\u7fa9\uff0c\u6216\u8209\u552f\u8b58\u70ba\u4e09\u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a\u7684\u52dd\u7fa9\u6cd5\u9580\u3001\u4e2d\u89c0\u50c5\u70ba\u4e8c\u8f49\u6cd5\u8f2a\u7684\u65b9\u4fbf\u8aaa\uff0c\u5982\u662f\u800c\u6210\u5b97\u898b\u4e0a\u7684\u722d\u8faf\u3002\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u4e0a\u5e2b\u7684\u6cbb\u5b78\uff0c\u96d6\u4ee5\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u70ba\u7a76\u7adf\u8aaa\uff0c\u537b\u5f37\u8abf\u6cd5\u7fa9\u5982\u4f55\u8207\u4e2d\u89c0\u53ca\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u5169\u6d3e\u5927\u4e58\u4f5b\u5b78\u878d\u651d\uff0c\u800c\u975e\u7368\u5c08\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u800c\u8cb6\u6291\u4e2d\u89c0\u6216\u552f\u8b58\u3002\u7531\u662f\uff0c\u5c0d\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u6289\u64c7\uff0c\u7d93\u4e2d\u89c0\u7684\u4e8c\u8ae6\u6216\u56db\u91cd\u7de3\u8d77\u800c\u609f\u5165\uff0c\u800c\u5c0d\u5176\u73fe\u8b49\uff0c\u5247\u901a\u904e\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u53e4\u5b78\u7684\u96e2\u76f8\u56db\u52a0\u884c\u800c\u901a\u9054\u3002\u5c0d\u65bc\u5982\u4f55\u7531\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u5165\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\uff0c\u898b\u4e0b\u4e00\u7bc0\u7684\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u4e2d\u89c0\u4e8c\u8ae6\u800c\u6289\u64c7\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u9ad4\u6027\uff0c\u5373\u4f9d\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u7684\u4e86\u7fa9\u5927\u4e2d\u89c0\u898b\uff0c\u5efa\u7acb\u6b8a\u52dd\u4e8c\u8ae6\uff0c\u7576\u4e2d\u4ee5\u4f5b\u5167\u81ea\u8b49\u667a\u70ba\u6b8a\u52dd\u52dd\u7fa9\u8ae6\u3001\u4ee5\u4f5b\u5167\u81ea\u8b49\u667a\u4e4b\u529b\u7528\u70ba\u6b8a\u52dd\u4e16\u4fd7\u8ae6\uff0c\u5982\u662f\u4f9d\u8b49\u89ba\u5883\u754c\u3001\u96e2\u540d\u8a00\u91cf\u4f86\u4f5c\u4e8c\u8ae6\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u6545\u8aaa\u70ba\u6b8a\u52dd\u3002\u662f\u6545\u4e8c\u8ae6\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u5be6\u4ee5\u73fe\u8b49\u5927\u5e73\u7b49\u8207\u5927\u6e05\u6de8\u4e4b\u96d9\u904b\u70ba\u8981\u7fa9\u3002\u82e5\u4ee5\u73fe\u7a7a\u96d9\u904b\u3001\u96e2\u8ff7\u4e82\u4e4b\u8b49\u667a\u5883\u70ba\u52dd\u7fa9\u6709\u3001\u4ee5\u865b\u5984\u5206\u5225\u6210\u7acb\u4e4b\u4f3c\u986f\u73fe\u5883\u70ba\u4e16\u4fd7\u7a7a\uff0c\u5247\u5df2\u843d\u4ed6\u7a7a\uff08gzhan stong\uff09\u5c64\u6b21\u3002\u81f3\u65bc\u683c\u9b6f\u6d3e\u61c9\u6210\u898b\u4ee5\u89c0\u5bdf\u7a76\u7adf\u4e4b\u91cf\uff08mthar thug dpyod byed kyi tshad ma\uff09\u4f86\u5b9a\u7fa9\u52dd\u7fa9\u3001\u4ee5\u89c0\u5bdf\u540d\u8a00\u4e4b\u91cf\uff08tha snyad dpyod byed kyi tshad ma\uff09\u4f86\u5b9a\u7fa9\u4e16\u4fd7\uff0c\u5247\u5224\u70ba\u66f4\u4e0b\u7684\u65b9\u4fbf\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u4ee5\u672a\u96e2\u8b58\u5883\u6545\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u81f3\u65bc\u4ee5\u56db\u91cd\u7de3\u8d77\u609f\u5165\uff0c\u5247\u4f9d\u696d\u56e0\u3001\u76f8\u4f9d\u3001\u76f8\u5c0d\u3001\u76f8\u7919\u7b49\u56db\u91cd\u5c0d\u7de3\u8d77\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u5c64\u5c64\u8d85\u8d8a\u4ee5\u6df1\u5165\u5c0d\u7a7a\u6027\u7684\u73fe\u8b49\u3002\u56db\u91cd\u7de3\u8d77\u96d6\u70ba\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u7684\u4e0d\u5171\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u7136\u5176\u7fa9\u7406\u8207\u6e05\u8fa8\u3001\u963f\u5e95\u5cfd\u7b49\u5370\u5ea6\u4e2d\u89c0\u8af8\u5e2b\u6240\u50b3\u7684\u56db\u5927\u6289\u64c7\uff08gtan tshigs chen po\u2019i bzhi\uff09\u4e26\u7121\u4e8c\u81f4\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a> \u7a76\u5176\u5167\u5bb9\uff0c\u5be6\u70ba\u6b21\u7b2c\u5efa\u7acb\u7531\u8cc7\u7ce7\u9053\u4ee5\u8fc4\u4fee\u9053\u7684\u4e8c\u8ae6\u6289\u64c7\uff0c\u6545\u70ba\u751a\u6df1\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u53ef\u914d\u5408\u4e0a\u4f86\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u6b8a\u52dd\u4e8c\u8ae6\u800c\u6210\u8207\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u76f8\u878d\u7684\u5927\u4e2d\u89c0\u7cfb\u7d71\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u662f\uff0c\u8ac7\u4e0a\u5e2b\u4e43\u7e3d\u62ec\u6240\u8b02\u4e09\u7cfb\u4f5b\u5b78\uff0c\u4ee5\u4e2d\u89c0\u6240\u8aaa\u8005\u70ba\u9ad4\u6027\u3001\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6240\u8aaa\u8005\u70ba\u4fee\u8b49\u3001\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u6240\u8aaa\u8005\u70ba\u8b49\u679c\uff0c\u662f\u5373\u4ee5\u4e2d\u89c0\u70ba\u300c\u57fa\u300d\uff08gzhi\uff09\u3001\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u70ba\u300c\u9053\u300d\uff08lam\uff09\u3001\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u70ba\u300c\u679c\u300d\uff08\u2019bras bu\uff09\u3002\u5c31\u4fee\u5b78\u6b21\u7b2c\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u4f9d\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u7684\u7528\u8a9e\uff0c\u6b64\u4e09\u8005\u7684\u5206\u5225\uff0c\u4ea6\u8aaa\u70ba\u300c\u5916\u7fa9\u300d\u3001\u300c\u5167\u7fa9\u300d\u8207\u300c\u5bc6\u7fa9\u300d\u3002\u6b64\u9593\u7fa9\u7406\uff0c\u8ac7\u4e0a\u5e2b\u65bc\u5176\u3008\u5fc3\u7d93\u980c\u91cb\u3009\u8aaa\u5f97\u6700\u70ba\u900f\u5fb9\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u822c\u82e5\u6ce2\u7f85\u871c\u591a\u5fc3\u00a0 \u7e3d\u651d\u822c\u82e5\u7d93\u7fa9\u7406<br \/>\n\u8aaa\u9ad4\u6027\u4ea6\u8aaa\u4fee\u8b49\u00a0 \u822c\u82e5\u7fa9\u7406\u5373\u6b64\u4e8c<br \/>\n\u4fee\u70ba\u73fe\u89c0\u8af8\u838a\u56b4\u00a0 \u8b49\u5247\u7a76\u7adf\u7121\u5206\u5225<br \/>\n\u4eca\u6b64\u5fc3\u7d93\u8aaa\u4fee\u8b49\u00a0 \u8b49\u7121\u5206\u5225\u7b2c\u4e00\u7fa9<br \/>\n\u7136\u800c\u6b64\u7fa9\u5be6\u751a\u6df1\u00a0 \u6545\u5206\u4e09\u7fa9\u800c\u8aaa\u6b64<br \/>\n\u5916\u7fa9\u5167\u7fa9\u8207\u5bc6\u7fa9\u00a0 \u5b78\u4eba\u6b21\u7b2c\u800c\u8a8d\u77e5<br \/>\n\u5916\u8005\u4e00\u5207\u76f8\u9ad4\u6027\u00a0 \u662f\u5373\u8aaa\u70ba\u860a\u8655\u754c<br \/>\n\u5341\u4e8c\u56e0\u7de3\u53ca\u56db\u8ae6\u00a0 \u4f5b\u6240\u5efa\u7acb\u4e0d\u80fd\u58de<br \/>\n\u662f\u6545\u4f46\u7a7a\u5176\u81ea\u6027\u00a0 \u4f9d\u9f8d\u6a39\u8aaa\u751f\u52dd\u89e3<br \/>\n\u7531\u7de3\u8d77\u6545\u8aaa\u70ba\u7a7a\u00a0 \u4e86\u7fa9\u552f\u8a31\u61c9\u6210\u6d3e<br \/>\n\u65bc\u5176\u81ea\u76f8\u4ea6\u4e0d\u8a31\u00a0 \u7121\u6027\u76f8\u6545\u76f8\u5373\u6557<br \/>\n\u4e00\u5207\u986f\u73fe\u7686\u4e16\u4fd7\u00a0 \u57f7\u6b64\u5373\u58ae\u751f\u6b7b\u6d77<br \/>\n\u2026<br \/>\n\u5167\u7fa9\u6240\u8aaa\u70ba\u4fee\u8b49\u00a0 \u6545\u5176\u6240\u91cd\u975e\u70ba\u7406<br \/>\n\u9f8d\u6a39\u4e4b\u8aaa\u6cd5\u754c\u8b9a\u00a0 \u55bb\u4fee\u8b49\u5982\u6708\u751f\u8d77<br \/>\n\u521d\u969b\u6e9f\u6fdb\u6f38\u898b\u5149\u00a0 \u6f38\u5713\u81f3\u5713\u56db\u6b21\u7b2c<br \/>\n\u6b64\u5373\u5f4c\u52d2\u56db\u745c\u4f3d\u00a0 \u5176\u8aaa\u4f9d\u65bc\u89e3\u6df1\u5bc6<br \/>\n\u6bd7\u9262\u820d\u90a3\u5962\u6469\u4ed6\u00a0 \u7531\u662f\u800c\u81f3\u4e8b\u908a\u969b<br \/>\n\u6240\u4f5c\u6210\u8fa6\u5373\u5713\u6210\u00a0 \u7d93\u6b77\u4e94\u9053\u540c\u4e00\u4f8b<br \/>\n\u2026<br \/>\n\u5fc3\u7d93\u5bc6\u7fa9\u7121\u53ef\u8aaa\u00a0 \u7e3d\u651d\u5247\u70ba\u7121\u5206\u5225<br \/>\n\u5165\u7121\u5206\u5225\u9640\u7f85\u5c3c\u00a0 \u4f5b\u8a2d\u56db\u55bb\u660e\u5176\u8aaa<br \/>\n\u898b\u9280\u898b\u91d1\u898b\u5bf6\u77f3\u00a0 \u660e\u521d\u4e09\u9053\u800c\u55bb\u8a2d<br \/>\n\u4fee\u9053\u7336\u5982\u6398\u7926\u6ce5\u00a0 \u83e9\u85a9\u4e5d\u91cd\u9664\u969c\u71b1<br \/>\n\u53ca\u81f3\u7121\u9593\u9053\u4e0a\u6642\u00a0 \u6398\u5f97\u6469\u5c3c\u5149\u4f3c\u96ea<br \/>\n\u6b64\u55bb\u5373\u540c\u5bc6\u5492\u9053\u00a0 \u4ea6\u540c\u89c0\u81ea\u5728\u6240\u8aaa<br \/>\n\u2026<br \/>\n\u5982\u4f55\u662f\u7121\u5206\u5225\u5883\u00a0 \u5047\u540d\u4e4b\u70ba\u5982\u4f86\u85cf<br \/>\n\u6b64\u56e0\u529f\u5fb7\u800c\u7acb\u540d\u00a0 \u5df2\u65b7\u696d\u98a8\u8f49\u8b58\u6d6a<br \/>\n\u2026<br \/>\n\u7d93\u8a00\u73fe\u8d77\u5e73\u7b49\u89ba\u00a0 \u5373\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u4e4b\u6a5f\u7406<br \/>\n\u6545\u4ea6\u8aaa\u70ba\u8b49\u667a\u5883\u00a0 \u6b64\u5883\u552f\u4f5b\u59cb\u80fd\u77e5<br \/>\n\u751f\u6a5f\u5468\u904d\u70ba\u5927\u6a02\u00a0 \u5468\u904d\u5e73\u7b49\u5373\u552f\u4e00<br \/>\n\u662f\u6545\u82e5\u5224\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u00a0 \u6a02\u7a7a\u552f\u4e00\u6700\u76f8\u5b9c<br \/>\n\u5982\u662f\u5e73\u7b49\u6027\u76f8\u7528\u00a0 \u59cb\u70ba\u4f5b\u8b49\u81ea\u7136\u667a<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u65bc\u6b64\uff0c\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u5f9e\u4fee\u6301\u89d2\u5ea6\uff0c\u7e3d\u7d50\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u667a\u5883\uff08\u6cd5\u8eab\uff09\u4e4b\u6240\u8b49\u70ba\u5e73\u7b49\u3001\u552f\u4e00\uff0c\u800c\u8207\u6b64\u540c\u6642\u4ff1\u8d77\u7684\u6cd5\u8eab\u529f\u5fb7\uff0c\u5176\u73fe\u8b49\u89ba\u53d7\u5247\u8aaa\u70ba\u751f\u6a5f\u5468\u904d\u7684\u5927\u6a02\u3002\u6709\u5225\u65bc\u5df2\u5ee3\u70ba\u6d41\u901a\u628a\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u5224\u70ba\u300c\u771f\u5e38\u552f\u5fc3\u300d\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8ac7\u4e0a\u5e2b\u5247\u6539\u5224\u4e4b\u70ba\u300c\u6a02\u7a7a\u552f\u4e00\u300d\u3002\u5982\u662f\u6289\u64c7\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u9ad4\u6027\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f46\u4f9d\u8db3\u7d93\u6559\uff0c\u537b\u4ea6\u4e0d\u5ee2\u4f5b\u5bb6\u4fee\u6301\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002\u662f\u5373\u8ac7\u4e0a\u5e2b\u6240\u7740\u91cd\u4f9d\u5be6\u4fee\u89c0\u9ede\u4f86\u6cbb\u4f5b\u5b78\u7684\u7279\u8272\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u4e8c\uff0e\u89c0\u7167\u822c\u82e5<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u4e0a\u5e2b\u70ba\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u7684\u91d1\u525b\u963f\u95cd\u9ece\uff0c\u5c0d\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u56de\u8b77\uff0c\u6709\u5176\u5b97\u6559\u4e0a\u7684\u60c5\u64cd\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u4e0a\u5f15\u3008\u5fc3\u7d93\u980c\u91cb\u3009\u4ea6\u5df2\u7533\u660e\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\uff0c\u5047\u540d\u5b89\u7acb\u800c\u5df2\uff0c\u6240\u6307\u7121\u975e\u662f\u7121\u5206\u5225\u5883\uff0c\u662f\u5373\u5982\u4f86\u8b49\u667a\u5883\u754c\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u4f5b\u7d93\u4e2d\u8ad6\u53ca\u751a\u6df1\u822c\u82e5\u3001\u7121\u5206\u5225\u667a\u3001\u7121\u6240\u5f97\u5883\u3001\u81ea\u7136\u667a\u7b49\uff0c\u5373\u4f7f\u672a\u6709\u63d0\u51fa\u300c\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u300d\u6b64\u540d\u76f8\uff0c\u6cd5\u7fa9\u4e0a\u5be6\u7121\u4e8c\u81f4\u3002\u6545\u4ea6\u53ef\u77e5\uff0c\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u89c0\u4fee\uff0c\u5be6\u4ea6\u5373\u822c\u82e5\u7684\u4fee\u8b49\u3001\u7121\u5206\u5225\u7684\u4fee\u8b49\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u662f\uff0c\u8ac7\u4e0a\u5e2b\u6574\u7406\u89c0\u4fee\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u7cfb\u7d71\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4ea6\u5373\u96e2\u5206\u5225\u7684\u904e\u7a0b\uff0c\u4e26\u5927\u81f4\u5c07\u4e4b\u5206\u70ba\u56db\u500b\u6b21\u7b2c\u3002\u5176\u6240\u4f9d\u7684\u7406\u64da\uff0c\u5ee3\u898b\u65bc\u8af8\u5927\u4e58\u7d93\u8ad6\uff0c\u800c\u8ac7\u4e0a\u5e2b\u7279\u5225\u9078\u51fa\u8a73\u52a0\u8a3b\u758f\u7684\uff0c\u4fbf\u5305\u62ec\u300a\u8056\u5165\u7121\u5206\u5225\u7e3d\u6301\u7d93\u300b\u53ca\u300a\u8fa8\u6cd5\u6cd5\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u300a\u5165\u7121\u5206\u5225\u7e3d\u6301\u300b\u4e00\u7d93\uff0c\u4ee5\u6398\u5bf6\u70ba\u55bb\uff0c\u65bc\u5805\u7262\u5ca9\u77f3\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u5c64\u5c64\u6398\u51fa\u9280\u5bf6\u3001\u91d1\u5bf6\u3001\u7409\u7483\u5bf6\u53ca\u5982\u610f\u73e0\u5927\u5bf6\u85cf\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u8868\u5fb5\u96e2\u6240\u5c0d\u6cbb\u5206\u5225\u3001\u96e2\u80fd\u5c0d\u6cbb\u5206\u5225\u3001\u96e2\u771f\u5982\u5206\u5225\u53ca\u96e2\u8b49\u667a\u5206\u5225\u56db\u91cd\u6b21\u7b2c\u3002\u96e2\u6b64\u56db\u76f8\uff0c\u5373\u5165\u7121\u5206\u5225\uff0c\u5373\u8b49\u6df1\u822c\u82e5\u667a\uff0c\u5176\u5883\u754c\u5373\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u56db\u7a2e\u96e2\u76f8\uff0c\u8ddf\u300a\u8fa8\u6cd5\u6cd5\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u4e2d\u609f\u5165\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u56db\u4f4d\u914d\u5408\u3002\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u4e0a\u5e2b\u7e3d\u7d50\u6b64\u9593\u914d\u5408\u5982\u4e0b\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u65bc\u6289\u64c7\u4f4d\u4e0a\uff0c\u8cc7\u7ce7\u9053\u6642\u77e5\u6240\u5c0d\u6cbb\u3001\u77e5\u80fd\u5c0d\u6cbb\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u65bc\u52a0\u884c\u9053\u6642\u4fee\u7fd2\u5c0d\u6cbb\uff0c\u5fa9\u4fee\u96e2\u6240\u5c0d\u6cbb\u8207\u96e2\u80fd\u5c0d\u6cbb\u76f8\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u65bc\u89f8\u8b49\u4f4d\uff0c\u7531\u96e2\u6240\u5c0d\u6cbb\u8207\u96e2\u80fd\u5c0d\u6cbb\uff0c\u7531\u662f\u96e2\u80fd\u6240\u4e8c\u53d6\uff0c\u89f8\u8b49\u771f\u5982\uff0c\u65bc\u662f\u767b\u5165\u521d\u5730\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u65bc\u96a8\u61b6\u5ff5\u4f4d\uff0c\u65e2\u89f8\u8b49\u771f\u5982\u5df2\uff0c\u5373\u61c9\u4fee\u96e2\u771f\u5982\u76f8\uff0c\u5982\u662f\u65bc\u96a8\u61b6\u5ff5\u4f4d\u4e0a\uff0c\u5f97\u6b21\u7b2c\u8b49\u667a\u76f8\uff0c\u5fa9\u9808\u6b21\u7b2c\u96e2\u6240\u7de3\u771f\u5982\u8207\u8b49\u667a\uff0c\u4ee5\u5c64\u5c64\u4e0a\u9054\u3002<\/li>\n<li>\u65bc\u901a\u9054\u4f4d\uff0c\u96e2\u6240\u7de3\u771f\u5982\u8207\u6b21\u7b2c\u8b49\u667a\u76f8\uff0c\u7531\u662f\u7a76\u7adf\u8f49\u4f9d\uff0c\u8b49\u6cd5\u8207\u6cd5\u6027\u5e73\u7b49\uff0c\u4e00\u5207\u6cd5\u4e4b\u986f\u73fe\u552f\u662f\u771f\u5982\uff0c\u5165\u901a\u9054\u4f4d\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u6545\u5be6\u8cea\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u56db\u7a2e\u96e2\u76f8\u8005\uff0c\u7121\u975e\u65bc\u5c0d\u6cbb\u5247\u70ba\u96e2\u6240\u5c0d\u6cbb\u3001\u80fd\u5c0d\u6cbb\uff1b\u65bc\u8b49\u667a\u5247\u70ba\u96e2\u6240\u8b49\u53ca\u80fd\u8b49\uff08\u6bcf\u5730\u80fd\u8b49\u667a\u7686\u6709\u6240\u8b49\u771f\u5982\u8207\u4e4b\u76f8\u5c0d\uff0c\u662f\u6545\u6b21\u7b2c\u96e2\u5341\u5730\u969c\uff0c\u5373\u9808\u6b21\u7b2c\u96e2\u771f\u5982\u76f8\u3002\uff09<\/p>\n<p>\u6545\u6b64\u56db\u7a2e\u96e2\u76f8\uff0c\u5be6\u5468\u904d\u56db\u4f4d\uff0c\u5373\u6bcf\u4e00\u9053\u4f4d\u4e2d\u7684\u4fee\u7fd2\uff0c\u90fd\u9808\u96e2\u6b64\u56db\u76f8\uff0c\u4f46\u6709\u7740\u91cd\u8207\u975e\u7740\u91cd\u7684\u5206\u5225\u3002\u9019\u5373\u662f\u4fee\u7fd2\u4e0a\u7684\u4ea4\u66ff\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[31]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u662f\u5c07\u300a\u5165\u7121\u5206\u5225\u7e3d\u6301\u300b\u7684\u56db\u91cd\u96e2\u5206\u5225\uff0c\u8207\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u300a\u8fa8\u6cd5\u6cd5\u6027\u8ad6\u300b\u4e2d\u609f\u5165\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u56db\u4f4d\u4ee5\u53ca\u4e94\u9053\u914d\u5408\uff0c\u5176\u7fa9\u7406\u4ea6\u540c\u898b\u65bc\u300a\u89e3\u6df1\u5bc6\u7d93\u300b\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn32\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[32]<\/a> \u66f4\u7d30\u7dfb\u4e00\u9ede\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u300a\u89e3\u6df1\u5bc6\u7d93\u300b\u4e2d\u63d0\u5230\u7684\u6b62\u89c0\u6b21\u7b2c\uff0c\u8207\u6b64\u96e2\u5206\u5225\u7684\u4fee\u884c\u904e\u7a0b\u76f8\u901a\u3002\u7576\u4e2d\uff0c\u8ac7\u4e0a\u5e2b\u4ee5\u7b2c\u4e00\u91cd\u7684\u5bc2\u6b62\uff08\u015bamatha\uff09\u8207\u52dd\u89c0\uff08vipa\u015byan\u0101\uff09\uff0c\u914d\u5408\u6289\u64c7\u4f4d\u7684\u8cc7\u7ce7\u9053\u3001\u5fa9\u4ee5\u5169\u91cd\u5bc2\u6b62\u914d\u5408\u6289\u64c7\u4f4d\u7684\u52a0\u884c\u9053\uff1b\u7136\u5f8c\uff0c\u4ee5\u751a\u6df1\u52dd\u89c0\u609f\u5165\u89f8\u8b49\u4f4d\u7684\u898b\u9053\uff1b\u96a8\u61b6\u5ff5\u4f4d\u7684\u4fee\u9053\uff0c\u4ee5\u6b62\u89c0\u96d9\u904b\u5f97\u6b21\u7b2c\u96e2\u771f\u5982\u5206\u5225\uff1b\u6700\u5f8c\u73fe\u8b49\u7121\u4e8c\uff0c\u609f\u5165\u901a\u9054\u4f4d\u7684\u7121\u5b78\u9053\u3002\u5982\u662f\uff0c\u7d93\u4e2d\u6240\u8aaa\u7684\u300c\u6709\u5206\u5225\u5f71\u50cf\u300d\u8207\u300c\u7121\u5206\u5225\u5f71\u50cf\u300d\uff0c\u6240\u6307\u70ba\u8cc7\u7ce7\u9053\u548c\u52a0\u884c\u9053\u7684\u89c0\u4fee\uff1b\u300c\u4e8b\u908a\u969b\u6027\u300d\uff0c\u70ba\u898b\u9053\u7684\u89c0\u4fee\uff1b\u65bc\u6b64\u57fa\u790e\u4e0a\u4f5c\u96a8\u61b6\u5ff5\uff0c\u70ba\u4fee\u9053\u7684\u884c\u6301\uff1b\u6700\u5f8c\u300c\u6240\u4f5c\u6210\u8fa6\u300d\uff0c\u5373\u70ba\u901a\u9054\u4f4d\u7684\u73fe\u8b49\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2189\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Table-1-1-300x137.jpg\" alt=\"Table-1-1-300x137\" width=\"613\" height=\"280\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u6b64\u4e2d\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u50c5\u5c31\u986f\u4e58\u7684\u7d93\u8ad6\u4f5c\u8a0e\u8ad6\u3002\u4f46\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u4e0a\u5e2b\u537b\u4e0d\u4ee5\u4f5b\u9580\u7684\u986f\u5bc6\u5169\u4e58\u70ba\u7570\uff0c\u4ea6\u4e0d\u4ee5\u986f\u70ba\u5351\u3001\u5bc6\u70ba\u5c0a\uff0c\u53c8\u6216\u4ee5\u986f\u70ba\u6b63\u3001\u5bc6\u70ba\u90aa\uff0c\u800c\u50c5\u70ba\u540c\u4e00\u96e2\u5206\u5225\u7cfb\u7d71\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\u5efa\u7acb\u3002\u8ac7\u5e2b\u5f37\u8abf\u4f5b\u5bb6\u7684\u6559\u6cd5\u300c\u6709\u8aaa\u3001\u6709\u4fee\u3001\u6709\u8b49\u300d\uff1a\u51e1\u6709\u6240\u8aaa\uff0c\u5fc5\u6709\u8207\u4e4b\u914d\u5408\u7684\u4fee\u6cd5\uff1b\u51e1\u6709\u6240\u4fee\uff0c\u4ea6\u5fc5\u6709\u6b64\u4fee\u7fd2\u6240\u4f9d\u7684\u7d93\u8ad6\u6839\u64da\u3002\u662f\u6545\u85cf\u5bc6\u7121\u4e0a\u745c\u4f3d\u7684\u5efa\u7acb\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u4ea6\u975e\u96e2\u958b\u986f\u4e58\u7d93\u6559\u800c\u53e6\u4f5c\u5efa\u7acb\uff1b\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u5176\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u5404\u6b21\u7b2c\u4fee\u6cd5\uff0c\u90fd\u8207\u5927\u4e58\u7d93\u8ad6\u6240\u8aaa\u7dca\u7dca\u914d\u5408\u3002\u5c31\u6b64\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u4e0a\u5e2b\u4e43\u4f9d\u6566\u73e0\u6cd5\u738b\u7684\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u628a\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u7684\u6240\u6709\u4fee\u6cd5\u6b78\u7d0d\u70ba\u5916\u3001\u5167\u3001\u5bc6\u53ca\u5bc6\u5bc6\u56db\u90e8\u52a0\u884c\uff1a<\/p>\n<p>\u2026\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u4e00\u5207\u4fee\u7fd2\uff0c\u7121\u4e0d\u8207\u56db\u90e8\u52a0\u884c\u6cd5\u76f8\u61c9\u3002\u6545\u4e0d\u80fd\u5c07\u56db\u90e8\u52a0\u884c\u5206\u70ba\u56db\u622a\uff0c\u5c07\u4e4b\u5225\u5225\u5b64\u7acb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5982\u662f\uff0c\u5167\u52a0\u884c\u4e4b\u96a8\u9806\u751f\u8d77\u6b21\u7b2c\u3001\u5bc6\u52a0\u884c\u4e4b\u96a8\u9806\u5713\u6eff\u6b21\u7b2c\u3001\u5bc6\u5bc6\u52a0\u884c\u4e4b\u96a8\u9806\u5927\u5713\u6eff\u679c\uff0c\u53c8\u7686\u53ef\u5206\u70ba\u56db\u7fa9\uff0c\u8207\u56db\u90e8\u52a0\u884c\u6cd5\u914d\u5408\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u2026<\/p>\n<p>\u4f46\u5be6\u969b\u4fee\u6cd5\u5247\u4e26\u975e\u5982\u6b64\u6a5f\u68b0\uff0c\u4e00\u5100\u8ecc\u4e2d\u5be6\u4e0d\u5fc5\u7686\u5177\u8db3\u56db\u7a2e\u7fa9\u7406\u4e4b\u5be6\u4fee\uff0c\u56db\u7fa9\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e92\u76f8\u878d\u5408\u800c\u4fee\uff0c\u6240\u8b02\u53e3\u8a23\uff0c\u5373\u6559\u6388\u5982\u4f55\u4f9d\u5100\u8ecc\u4fee\u7fd2\u6642\u9ad4\u6703\u7fa9\u7406\uff0c\u53ca\u7fa9\u7406\u4e4b\u4e92\u651d\uff0c\u5247\u5df2\u56db\u7fa9\u5177\u8db3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u662f\u6545\u6b64\u56db\u90e8\u52a0\u884c\u6cd5\uff0c\u50c5\u70ba\u7e3d\u7db1\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u969b\u4fee\u7fd2\u5247\u70ba\u5ff5\u4fee\u56db\u652f\uff08bsnyen sgrub kyi yan lag bzhi\uff09\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn33\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[33]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u6240\u8b02\u5ff5\u4fee\u56db\u652f\uff0c\u5373\u5ff5\u652f\uff08bsnyen pa\uff09\u3001\u8fd1\u5ff5\u652f\uff08nye ba\u2019i bsnyen pa\uff09\u3001\u4fee\u652f\uff08\u6210\u652f\uff09\uff08sgrub pa\uff09\u53ca\u5927\u4fee\u652f\uff08\u5927\u6210\u652f\uff09\uff08sgrub pa chen po\uff09\uff0c\u70ba\u84ee\u82b1\u751f\u5927\u58eb\uff08Padmasambhava\uff09\u65bc\u300a\u53e3\u8a23\u898b\u9b18\u300b\uff08<em>Man ngag lta ba\u2019i phreng ba<\/em>\uff09\u7684\u6559\u6388\uff0c\u70ba\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u6559\u6cd5\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u57fa\u77f3\uff0c\u4e0d\u6557\u5c0a\u8005\u65bc\u5176\u300a\u5149\u660e\u85cf\u300b\u4e2d\uff0c\u4e5f\u6709\u7279\u5225\u8a73\u8a3b\uff0c\u65bc\u6b64\u4e0d\u5b9c\u5c94\u7b46\u7d30\u8ff0\u3002\u4f46\u503c\u5f97\u7559\u610f\u7684\u662f\uff0c\u8ac7\u4e0a\u5e2b\u65bc\u6b64\u540c\u6a23\u89e3\u91cb\u6b64\u5ff5\u4fee\u56db\u652f\u70ba\u5f15\u5c0e\u884c\u8005\u8b49\u5165\u7121\u5206\u5225\u7684\u65b9\u4fbf\uff0c\u4e14\u5c07\u4e4b\u914d\u5408\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u6d3e\u7684\u6559\u6cd5\u4f86\u7406\u89e3\uff1a<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-2190\" src=\"http:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/03\/Table-2-300x136.jpg\" alt=\"Table-2-300x136\" width=\"615\" height=\"279\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u7531\u6b64\u8ad6\u8ff0\u70ba\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u518d\u8b80\u4e0a\u5e2b\u70ba\u300a\u8056\u5999\u5409\u7965\u771f\u5be6\u540d\u7d93\u300b\u3001\u300a\u5e7b\u5316\u7db2\u79d8\u5bc6\u85cf\u7e8c\u300b\u3001 \u4e8b\u696d\u6d32\u7684\u300a\u516d\u4e2d\u6709\u81ea\u89e3\u812b\u5c0e\u5f15\u300b\u3001\u9f8d\u9752\u5df4\u7684\u300a\u5927\u5713\u6eff\u5fc3\u6027\u4f11\u606f\u300b\u3001\u6467\u9b54\u6d32\u7684\u300a\u73fe\u8b49\u81ea\u6027\u5927\u5713\u6eff\u672c\u4f86\u9762\u76ee\u6559\u6388\u2027\u7121\u4fee\u4f5b\u9053\u300b\u3001\u4e0d\u6557\u5c0a\u8005\u7684\u300a\u5149\u660e\u85cf\u300b\u7b49\u5bc6\u7e8c\u53ca\u7121\u4e0a\u745c\u4f3d\u8ad6\u5178\u7684\u5c0e\u8b80\u53ca\u8a3b\u758f\uff0c\u5373\u53ef\u7406\u89e3\u4ed6\u5982\u4f55\u628a\u4f5b\u5bb6\u898b\u5730\u914d\u5408\u4fee\u6301\u3001\u5982\u4f55\u5c07\u4e00\u822c\u8996\u70ba\u4e0d\u5177\u300c\u5b78\u8853\u50f9\u503c\u300d\u7684\u4fee\u6301\u5100\u8a3b\u7d0d\u5165\u56b4\u8085\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u8a0e\u8ad6\u5c64\u9762\u4e4b\u4e0a\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u9019\u4e26\u975e\u5c07\u4f5b\u5bb6\u4fee\u6301\u7406\u8ad6\u5316\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4ee5\u7d93\u6559\u4f5c\u70ba\u4fee\u6301\u7684\u57fa\u790e\uff0c\u4e0d\u4f5c\u76f2\u76ee\u7684\u6a5f\u68b0\u89c0\u4fee\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd1\u4ee3\u897f\u65b9\u5efa\u7acb\u4f5b\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u504f\u91cd\u6b77\u53f2\u53ca\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u7dad\uff0c\u5176\u5be6\u50c5\u5f97\u4f5b\u6cd5\u4e4b\u4e00\u9685\uff0c\u56e0\u70ba\u4f5b\u5bb6\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u5f9e\u4f86\u90fd\u662f\u898b\u5730\u8207\u4fee\u6301\u4e26\u91cd\u7684\u3002\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u7684\u9019\u4efd\u504f\u9817\uff0c\u53ef\u80fd\u6e90\u81ea\u897f\u65b9\u5b78\u754c\u50b3\u7d71\u4e0a\u5c0d\u795e\u5b78\uff08Theology\uff09\u8207\u5b97\u6559\u5b78\uff08Religious Studies\uff09\u4f5c\u56b4\u683c\u5340\u5206\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u56e0\u6578\u4f7f\u7136\u3002\u4f5b\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff08Buddhology\uff09\u4f5c\u70ba\u5b97\u6559\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u4e00\u652f\uff0c\u5d07\u5c1a\u5ba2\u89c0\u7684\u8cc7\u6599\u5206\u6790\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u5c0d\u4fee\u6301\u65b9\u9762\u52a0\u4ee5\u6f20\u8996\uff0c\u662f\u6545\u7814\u7a76\u7684\u9078\u6750\u4e0a\uff0c\u4ea6\u53ea\u5f97\u907f\u91cd\u5c31\u8f15\uff0c\u53ea\u6311\u90e8\u4efd\u53ef\u4ee5\u5c31\u54f2\u5b78\u601d\u8fa8\u4f5c\u6df1\u5165\u8a0e\u8ad6\u7684\u7d93\u8ad6\u4f86\u4f5c\u7814\u7a76\u3002\u53ef\u80fd\u56e0\u70ba\u9019\u500b\u539f\u56e0\uff0c\u5c0d\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\uff0c\u4e5f\u6452\u9664\u4e86\u7d93\u4e2d\u8aaa\u70ba\u300c\u5982\u4f86\u667a\u6167\u5883\u754c\u300d\u7684\u754c\u5b9a\uff0c\u800c\u6539\u4ee5\u5404\u985e\u54f2\u5b78\u6982\u5ff5\u52a0\u4ee5\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3002\u800c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4f8b\u5982\u300a\u5927\u5bf6\u7a4d\u7d93\u2027\u7121\u908a\u838a\u56b4\u6703\u300b\u4e00\u985e\u8aaa\u9640\u7f85\u5c3c\u9580\u4fee\u6301\u7684\u4f5b\u5178\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u7121\u5f9e\u5165\u624b\u3002\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u5c07\u6b64\u7d93\u95e1\u91cb\u70ba\u4f9d\u7121\u4e0a\u9640\u7f85\u5c3c\u3001\u51fa\u96e2\u9640\u7f85\u5c3c\u3001\u6e05\u6de8\u9640\u7f85\u5c3c\u4e09\u8005\uff0c\u5206\u8aaa\u5bc6\u4e58\u7684\u57fa\u7e8c\u3001\u9053\u7e8c\u3001\u679c\u7e8c\uff0c\u4f9d\u6b21\u651d\u5883\u3001\u884c\u3001\u679c\uff0c\u5f15\u5c0e\u884c\u8005\u8b49\u5f97\u6cd5\u6027\u7684\u300c\u672c\u6027\u81ea\u6027\u300d\uff0c\u4fbf\u662f\u7d50\u5408\u898b\u5730\u8207\u4fee\u6301\u4f86\u6cbb\u4f5b\u5b78\u7684\u53e6\u4e00\u4f8b\u5b50\u3002<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn34\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[34]<\/a> \u5176\u5be6\u897f\u65b9\u5b78\u754c\u4e5f\u4e0d\u662f\u6c92\u5617\u8a66\u904e\u7a81\u7834\u552f\u91cd\u7406\u8ad6\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6a21\u5f0f\uff0c\u800c\u767c\u5c55\u51fa\u53ef\u4ee5\u628a\u4f5b\u5bb6\u4fee\u6301\u7d0d\u5165\u7814\u7a76\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7684\u6240\u8b02Buddhist Theology<a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftn35\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[35]<\/a>\uff0c\u4f46\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u6cbb\u5b78\u601d\u7dad\u50be\u5411\u4fdd\u5b88\uff0c\u9032\u5c55\u8209\u6b65\u7dad\u8271\uff0c\u6216\u8a31\u8ac7\u4e0a\u5e2b\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u53ef\u4ee5\u4f5c\u70ba\u4f5b\u5b78\u767c\u5c55\u7684\u4e00\u500b\u65b0\u65b9\u5411\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u7d50\u8ad6<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u4e0a\u5e2b\u7684\u4f5b\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\uff0c\u96d6\u7136\u4ee5\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u601d\u60f3\u70ba\u4e3b\u8ef8\uff0c\u4f46\u65c1\u53ca\u5370\u5ea6\u3001\u6f22\u5730\u8207\u85cf\u5730\u5927\u90e8\u4efd\u7684\u5927\u4e58\u6cd5\u6559\u53ca\u5b97\u6d3e\uff0c\u800c\u4e14\u65b9\u6cd5\u5b78\u4e0a\u4ea6\u8c50\u5bcc\u591a\u6a23\uff0c\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u4f5b\u5bb6\u9ad4\u7cfb\u7684\u6bd4\u8f03\u7814\u7a76\u3001\u6709\u50b3\u7d71\u7684\u7d93\u8ad6\u8a3b\u758f\u3001\u6709\u7d30\u7dfb\u7684\u6b77\u53f2\u8003\u8b49\u3001\u6709\u68b5\u6587\u85cf\u6587\u7684\u539f\u5178\u7ffb\u8b6f\u3001\u6709\u628a\u820a\u6f22\u8b6f\u4f9d\u539f\u5178\u91cd\u884c\u6821\u8a3b\uff0c\u4ea6\u6709\u5b78\u8853\u8ad6\u6587\u9ad4\u88c1\u7684\u5c0e\u8b80\u6587\u7ae0\uff0c\u6a6b\u8aaa\u76f4\u8aaa\uff0c\u4ee5\u591a\u91cd\u89d2\u5ea6\u9053\u51fa\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u9ad4\u6027\u8207\u4fee\u6301\u3002\u6216\u8a31\uff0c\u5c0d\u65bc\u4e00\u7a2e\u6e6e\u6c92\u5343\u5e74\u3001\u5ee3\u53d7\u66f2\u89e3\u7684\u601d\u60f3\uff0c\u771f\u7684\u9700\u8981\u5982\u6b64\u898f\u6a21\u7684\u6587\u5b57\u89e3\u8b80\uff0c\u59cb\u80fd\u5f97\u4ee5\u5321\u6276\u3002\u7576\u4e2d\u63ed\u793a\u7684\uff0c\u4e0d\u55ae\u662f\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u8a8d\u77e5\uff0c\u9084\u6574\u7406\u51fa\u5927\u4e58\uff08\u4e00\u4e58\uff09\u4f5b\u5b78\u7684\u898b\u4fee\u9ad4\u7cfb\u3001\u7368\u7279\u7684\u5b78\u8853\u98a8\u683c\uff1b\u5c0d\u65bc\u5b78\u4eba\u800c\u8a00\uff0c\u8af8\u5982\u300a\u751f\u8207\u6b7b\u7684\u79aa\u6cd5\u300b\u7b49\u6587\u5b57\u900f\u9732\u51fa\u6de1\u7136\u96cb\u6c38\u800c\u751f\u52d5\u76ce\u7136\u7684\u5883\u754c\uff0c\u66f4\u662f\u4e00\u4efd\u53ef\u582a\u50b3\u8aa6\u5343\u53e4\u7684\u5bf6\u8cb4\u300c\u8eab\u6559\u300d\u3002<\/p>\n<pre>\u539f\u6587\u6536\u5165\u300a\u5927\u559c\u6a02\u8207\u5927\u5713\u6eff - \u6176\u795d\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u5148\u751f\u516b\u5341\u83ef\u8a95\u6f22\u85cf\u4f5b\u5b78\u7814\u7a76\u8ad6\u96c6\u300b<\/pre>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>\u00a0 \u898b\u62d9\u6587\u3008\u7565\u8ac7\u8fd1\u4ee3\u6f22\u571f\u5b78\u8853\u754c\u5c0d\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7684\u8a6e\u91cb\u8207\u7814\u7a76\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u300a\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u8ad6\u96c6\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5168\u4f5b\uff0c2006\uff09\uff0c\u9801252-309\uff0c\u4e26\u53c3\u8003\u6b50\u967d\u7adf\u7121\u3008\u8ac7\u6cd5\u754c\u3009\u3001\u3008\u695e\u4f3d\u758f\u6c7a\u3009\uff0c\u5442\u6f82\u3008\u5165\u695e\u4f3d\u7d93\u8b1b\u8a18\u3009\u3001\u3008\u695e\u4f3d\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7ae0\u8b1b\u7fa9\u3009\u3001\u3008\u6cd5\u754c\u91cb\u7fa9\u3009\u7b49\u6587\uff0c\u5206\u5225\u6536\u5165\u300a\u6b50\u967d\u7adf\u7121\u6587\u96c6\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u6587\u6b8a\u51fa\u7248\u793e\uff09\u53ca\u300a\u5442\u6f82\u4f5b\u5b78\u8ad6\u8457\u9078\u96c6\u300b\uff08\u5c71\u6771\uff1a\u9f4a\u9b6f\u66f8\u793e\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>\u00a0 \u4e0a\u4f86\u5169\u6587\uff0c\u6536\u5165\u5f35\u66fc\u6fe4\u7de8\u300a\u73fe\u4ee3\u4f5b\u6559\u5b78\u8853\u53e2\u520a\u300b\u7b2c35\u7a2e\u300a\u5927\u4e58\u8d77\u4fe1\u8ad6\u8207\u695e\u56b4 \u7d93\u8003\u8fa8\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5927\u4e58\u6587\u5316\uff0c1979\uff09\uff0c\u9801121-132\u53ca151-158\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u00a0\u4e0a\u4f86\u5169\u6587, \u6536\u5165\u300a\u5442\u6f82\u4f5b\u5b78\u8ad6\u8457\u9078\u96c6\u300b\uff0c\u5377\u4e00\uff0c\u9801292-369\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> \u00a0\u53c3\u592a\u865b\u3008\u4f5b\u6cd5\u7e3d\u6289\u64c7\u8ac7\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u300a\u592a\u865b\u5927\u5e2b\u5168\u66f8\u300b\u7b2c\u516d\u7de8\u300c\u6cd5\u76f8\u552f\u8b58\u5b78\u300d\uff0c\u98011271-1274\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>\u00a0 \u6536 \u300a\u5927\u4e58\u8d77\u4fe1\u8ad6\u8207\u695e\u56b4\u7d93\u8003\u8fa8\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5927\u4e58\u6587\u5316\uff0c1980\uff09\uff0c\u9801283-298\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 \u592a\u865b\u3008\u518d\u8ad6\u5927\u4e58\u4e09\u5b97\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u300a\u592a\u865b\u5927\u5e2b\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c\u56db\u7de8\u300c\u5927\u4e58\u901a\u5b78\u300d\uff0c\u9801841-843\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 \u898b\u5370\u9806\u300a\u5370\u5ea6\u4e4b\u4f5b\u6559\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u6b63\u805e\uff0c1988\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 \u6536\u300a\u592a\u865b\u5927\u5e2b\u5168\u96c6\u300b\u7b2c\u5341\u516d\u7de8\u300c\u66f8\u8a55\u300d\uff0c\u980148-68\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 \u898b\u677e\u672c\u53f2\u6717\u300a\u7de3\u8d77\u8207\u7a7a\uff1a\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u601d\u60f3\u6279\u5224\u300b\uff08\u6771\u4eac\uff1a\u5927\u85cf\uff0c1989\uff09\uff1b\u677e\u672c\u53f2\u6717\u300a\u79aa\u601d\u60f3\u4e4b\u6279\u5224\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08\u6771\u4eac\uff1a\u5927\u85cf\uff0c1994\uff09\uff1b\u88b4\u8c37\u61b2\u662d\u300a\u672c\u89ba\u601d\u60f3\u6279\u5224\u300b\uff08\u6771\u4eac\uff1a\u5927\u85cf\uff0c1989\uff09\uff1b\u88b4\u8c37\u61b2\u662d\u300a\u6279\u5224\u4f5b\u6559\u300b\uff08\u6771\u4eac\uff1a\u5927\u85cf\uff0c1990\uff09\uff1b Jamie Hubbard and Paul Swanson, eds., <em>Pruning the Bodhi Tree: The Storm Over Critical Buddhism<\/em> (Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1997)\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 \u898b\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u3001\u90b5\u980c\u96c4\u300a\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u56db\u90e8\u5b97\u7fa9\u91cb\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5168\u4f5b\uff0c2008\uff09\u5c0e\u8ad6\uff0c\u980114-76\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a>\u00a0 \u300a\u7dad\u6469\u8a70\u7d93\u300b\u5c0e\u8b80\uff08\u9999\u6e2f\uff1a\u5bc6\u4e58\u4f5b\u5b78\u6703\uff0c1996\uff09\uff0c\u98014-5\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 E. Obermiller, \u201cThe Sublime School of the Great Vehicle to Salvation: Being a Manual of Buddhist Monism,\u201d in <em>Acta Orientalia<\/em>, vol. IX (1931).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a>\u00a0\u00a0 H.W. Bailey and E.H. Johnston, \u201cA Fragment of the Uttaratantra in Sanskrit,\u201d <em>Bulletin of School of Oriental and African Studies<\/em> 8-1 (1935): 77-89.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a>\u00a0 E.H. Johnston and T. Chowdhury, ed.\u00a0 <em>The <\/em><em>Ratnagotravibh<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>ga Mahayanottaratantra<\/em><em>\u015b<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>stra<\/em>, Patna: The Bihar Research Society, 1950.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a>\u00a0 Jikido Takasaki, <em>A Study of the <\/em><em>Ratnagotravibh<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>ga<\/em><em> (Uttaratantra): Being a Treatise on the <\/em><em>Tath<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>gatagarbha<\/em><em> Theory of Mah<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>y<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>na Buddhism<\/em>. Istituto Italiano per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente, Roma: 1966.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a>\u00a0 David Seyfort Ruegg, <em>La theorie du <\/em><em>Tath<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>gatagarbhas<\/em><em> et du Gotra<\/em> (Paris: Publications de l\u2019\u00c9cole Franc\u1ea1ise d\u2019Extr\u00eame-Orient, 1969), <em>La traite du <\/em><em>Tath<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>gatagarbha<\/em><em> de Bu ston Rin chen grub <\/em>(Paris: Publications de l\u2019\u00c9cole Franc\u1ea1ise d\u2019Extr\u00eame-Orient, 1973), \u201cThe Jo-nang-pas: a school of Buddhist ontologysts according to the Grub-mtha oshel-gyi me-long,\u201d <em>Journal of American Oriental Society<\/em>, vol. 83, pp. 73-91.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a>\u00a0 Alex Wayman and Hideko Wayman, <em>The Lion\u2019s Roar of Queen <\/em><em>\u015a<\/em><em>r<\/em><em>\u012bm<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>l<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em> (Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1974).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a>\u00a0 Sallie B. King, <em>Buddha Nature<\/em> (New York: State University of New York Press, 1991).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a>\u00a0 Michael Zimmermann, <em>A Buddha Within: <\/em><em>Tath<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>gatagarbhas<\/em><em>\u016b<\/em><em>tra<\/em><em>, The Earliest Exposition of the Buddha-Nature Theory in India<\/em> (Tokyo: The International Research Institute for Advanced Buddhology, 2002).<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u00a0\u898b\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u300a\u5bf6\u6027\u8ad6\u68b5\u672c\u65b0\u8b6f\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5168\u4f5b\uff0c2006\uff09\uff0c\u980114\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a>\u00a0 \u5927\u6b63\u2027\u5341\u516d\uff0cno. 668\uff0c\u9801467\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a>\u00a0 John Makransky,<em> Buddhahood Embodied<\/em> (New York: State University of New York Press, 1997)\uff0c\u98015\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a>\u00a0 \u5927\u6b63\u2027\u5341\u516d\uff0cno. 668\uff0c\u9801467\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u300a\u5927\u5bf6\u7a4d\u7d93\u52dd\u9b18\u592b\u4eba\u6703\u300b\uff0c\u5927\u6b63\u2027\u5341\u4e00\uff0cno. 310\uff0c\u9801677\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a>\u00a0 \u898b\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u300a\u56db\u91cd\u7de3\u8d77\u6df1\u822c\u82e5\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5168\u4f5b\uff0c2005\uff09\uff0c\u9801372-380\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a>\u00a0 \u5927\u6b63\u2027\u4e09\u5341\uff0cno. 1564\uff0c\u980133\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a>\u00a0 \u8a73\u898b\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u8a3b\u758f\u4e0d\u6557\u5c0a\u8005\u7684\u300a\u6c7a\u5b9a\u5bf6\u71c8\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7345\u5b50\u543c\u5ee3\u8aaa\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u300b\u3001\u300a\u7345\u5b50\u543c\u958b\u8a31\u4ed6\u7a7a\u300b\u7b49\u8ad6\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a>\u00a0 \u53c3Christian Lindtner, \u201cAti\u015ba\u2019s Introduction to the Two Truths, and Its Sources,\u201d <em>Journal of Indian Philosophy<\/em> 9 (1981), pp. 205-211\uff1b\u6c5f\u5cf6\u60e0\u6559\u300a\u4e2d\u89c0\u601d\u60f3\u5c55\u958bBh\u0101vaviveka\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08\u6771\u4eac\uff1a\u6625\u79cb\u793e\uff0c1980\uff09\uff0c\u980118-23\u300130-32\u3001240-246\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a>\u00a0 \u8a73\u898b\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u300a\u56db\u91cd\u7de3\u8d77\u6df1\u822c\u82e5\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5168\u4f5b\uff0c2005\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a>\u00a0 \u898b\u300a\u5fc3\u5883\u5167\u7fa9\u8207\u7a76\u7adf\u7fa9\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5168\u4f5b\uff0c2005\uff09\uff0c\u9801156-181\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a>\u00a0 \u898b\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u3008\u7531\u5f4c\u52d2\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u8207\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u4fee\u8b49\u8aaa\u5165\u7121\u5206\u5225\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u300a\u8056\u5165\u7121\u5206\u5225\u7e3d\u6301\u7d93\u5c0d\u52d8\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5168\u4f5b\uff0c2005\uff09\u9801295-296\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a>\u00a0 \u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u300a\u89e3\u6df1\u5bc6\u7d93\u5bc6\u7fa9\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5168\u4f5b\uff0c2012\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\">[33]<\/a> \u00a0\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u3008\u7531\u5f4c\u52d2\u745c\u4f3d\u884c\u8207\u752f\u746a\u6d3e\u4fee\u8b49\u8aaa\u5165\u7121\u5206\u5225\u3009\uff0c\u6536\u300a\u8056\u5165\u7121\u5206\u5225\u7e3d\u6301\u7d93\u5c0d\u52d8\u53ca\u7814\u7a76\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5168\u4f5b\uff0c2005\uff09\uff0c\u9801336\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref34\" name=\"_ftn34\">[34]<\/a> \u00a0\u898b\u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u300a\u7121\u908a\u838a\u56b4\u6703\u5bc6\u610f\u300b\uff08\u53f0\u5317\uff1a\u5168\u4f5b\uff0c2012\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.vbatoronto.org\/zh\/?p=1146#_ftnref35\" name=\"_ftn35\">[35]<\/a>\u00a0 \u53c3Roger Jackson and John Makransky, eds., <em>Buddhist Theology: Critical Reflections by Contemporary Buddhist Scholars<\/em> (London: RouledgeCurzon, 2000)\u3002<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u2013 \u90b5\u980c\u96c4 \u524d\u8a00 \u8ac7\u932b\u6c38\u4e0a\u5e2b\u65bc\u8fd1\u4e8c\u5341\u5e74\u51fa\u7248\u7684\u4f5b\u5b78\u53e2\u66f8\uff0c\u7686\u4ee5\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\uff08tath\u0101gatagarbha\uff09\u601d\u60f3\u70ba\u4e3b\u8ef8\uff0c\u5224\u5b9a\u6b64\u70ba\u4f5b\u5bb6\u7684\u7a76\u7adf\u898b\uff0c\u4e26\u7531\u6b64\u8f3b\u5c04\u51fa\u5927\u5c0f\u8af8\u4e58\u7684\u6b21\u7b2c\u5b97\u898b\uff0c\u6210\u4e00\u8f3b\u8f2a\u3002\u5982\u662f\u4ee5\u5982\u4f86\u85cf\u7d71\u651d\u5370\u5ea6\u5c0f\u4e58\u300a&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2429,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[21],"tags":[],"post_series":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2167"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2167"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2167\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2193,"href":"https:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2167\/revisions\/2193"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2429"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2167"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2167"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2167"},{"taxonomy":"post_series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.kankanwoo.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fpost_series&post=2167"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}